10(2), pp. Chapter 6: Regional Economic Integration, 8. Companies that are truly global in nature adopt this approach since it utilizes a globally integrated business strategy. of the world's What do you mean by ethnocentric approach? In other words, it is about ensuring the same purchasing power, which helps to maintain the home country lifestyle. If your employees understand the regulatory aspects of running an international office in China, they will use that knowledge against you in case of future employment disputes. 28% employees In India willing to relocate overseas: Survey. Mumbai, Indias financial, commercial and entertainment capital, tops global rankings for expat salaries, according to a survey conducted by HSBC Bank International Ltd. Switzerland, the nation that has previously topped country rankings for expat salaries, had two cities in the top five. It does not store any personal data. The management panels of foreign divisions are best suited to know their recruitment and training needs and hence a strong communication link should be maintain with regards to this effort. Furthermore, Hooper and Newlands (2012) assert that geocentric approach is cheaper than both polycentric and ethnocentric because it relies on third country nationals (TCNs) and host-country nationals instead of parent-country nationals (PCNS). The Regio centric approach uses managers from various countries within the geographic regions of business. The supervisor who encouraged an employee to work abroad may have moved on, or managers who remain in the home country may be able to forge closer relationships with their supervisors, leaving them in better standing for promotion. In Polycentric Approach, the nationals of the host country are recruited for the managerial positions to carry out the operations of the subsidiary company. A manager might be in charge of the entire operation in a host country, only to return home to a more limited managerial role. Several automotive experts from around the globe have joined our research and development and global product planning functions, said a spokesperson of Hero MotoCorp. Lets have a look: Typical examples of the ethnocentric approach are Japanese firms such as Panasonic, Sony and Hitachi. What are the benefits of ethnocentric approach? Lets say you are opening shop in China. To avoid future friction with authorities, it is imperative that you familiarize with the employee benefits in the international market from which you are hiring, and then fully comply with each one of them. Froese and Kishi (2013) identified the ethnocentric orientation and use of traditional Japanese HRM practices by MNCs in Japan as the main reason for failure in attracting and retaining global. 2012, July: Indian Information Technology companies supported nearly 2.8 lakh jobs in America in the year 2011 by way of foreign direct investment through acquisitions of IT companies. 3) Geocentric Orientation. Why do companies use ethnocentric approach? The balance sheet approach is the most widely used approach by organizations and its main idea is to maintain the expatriates standard of living throughout the assignment at the same level as it was in his/her home country. This involves cultural training, language training, and practical training. The culture of the parent company can be easily transferred to the subsidiary company, thereby infusing beliefs and practices into the foreign country. This approach is based on the skills required for the position and the willingness of the candidate to blend in with the organizations culture. In using the ethnocentric approach, PCNs are dispatched to fill in a key position of a subsidiary in host-country. Chapter 9: Strategy in International Business, 12. manufacturers In the company that applies this approach, the assumption is that each country is different from all the others and that the subsidiaries in each country should develop locally appropriate practices under the supervision of local managers. panasonic ethnocentric approach. Sony needs to balance its recruitment policy to ensure an equal opportunity is given to its international pool of workers so as to provides opportunities for training to all applicants and recruits into the company. In this example, the U.S. parent company places natives from the United States in key positions in both the United States and Mexico. Ethnocentric views are often closely tied to racism. Ethnicity as a frame of reference is used to judge other cultures, practices, behaviour, beliefs and people, instead of using the standards of the particular culture involved. It will be necessary for these managers to equip themselves with sound knowledge and fluency in a variety of languages in this regard. tyler zed real name; nick barham monaco Open menu. University admissions, corporate and government jobs, and even entrance to the right preschool can require a strong testing score. Every six months, some 100,000 Koreans swarm campus test centers for a shot at Samsung glory. In the next stage, the employee database is prepared according to the manpower requirement of the company for international operations. In certain countries where English is not widely spoken, language training is a must. If you are the copyright owner of this paper and no longer wish to have your work published on IvyPanda. What is ethnocentric polycentric and geocentric? The aim is also to achieve global standards and to create instances to bring in global expertise, he said. While recruiting people for international operations, the international HR managers must identify the global competitiveness of the potential applicants at the time of the recruiting process. Repatriated managers may find that they have acquired valuable skills by working abroad which qualify them for higher positions within the organization when they return. Since Panasonic has adopted the Ethnocentric approach in the early years, it is a staffing approach, where subsidiaries are managed by staffs from the Head Quarters. However, employment laws in Asia specify sick leaves, paid vacations, and many other mandatory benefits that you have to grant your staff members on an annual basis. It uses value-based positioning strategy which means that their business philosophy is to deliver value for money products to the customers. The company could make use of recruitment and HR consultancy firms in subsidiary countries so as to stay in touch with the needs of their staff in future. A specialty occupation requires theoretical and practical application of a body of specialized knowledge along with at least a bachelors degree or its equivalent. It is important that businesses help both the manager and their family (spouse and children) adjust to life abroad. Want to create or adapt books like this? The Regio centric approach uses managers from various countries within the geographic regions of business. This ensures that the senior managers use a common language and, thus, enhance the level of understanding as well as speed up dialogue. Effective control over the subsidiary. The best step Sony could take to improve its training in light of its multi-country operations, is to emulate this program in subsidiary countries. So in that way, HR is HR, in that it concerns itself with the same things no matter where you are. Chapter 8: International Monetary System, 9. Just remember to follow the right termination laws. The mind set of management is 'what work at home, will work here' Some of the reasons to e. (a) and (c) above. Employees are motivated by different things around the world. An ethnocentric approach is one of the methods used during international staffing recruitment. an approach to global pricing in which affiliate or subsidiary companies supply information about local market conditions and the corporation then sets prices accordingly to maximise profits in each national market. On the other hand, you can get the best talent for the job but then due to travel hurdles, the process gets more sophisticated and exhausting. This approach is often characterized by a belief in the superiority of one's own culture and a tendency to judge other cultures by the standards of one's own culture. . Ethnocentric approach refers to the practice of viewing and analyzing the world through the lens of one's own culture. IvyPanda. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. A good example of how this failed to work out was in the strike at the Sony manufacturing plant in Indonesia where laborers protested against a policy that had them work while standing. 5 What is a polycentric staffing approach? The roles for which they were hired include product development, ride and handling, vehicle refinement, architecture, technology-led programmes, safety to meet global standards, electric vehicle, etc. Ethnocentrism is the process of judging another culture exclusively from the perspective of one's own. was mostly through using an ethnocentric approach (Trevor, 1983; Kopp, 1994a). The database is updated daily, so anyone can easily find a relevant essay example. In Polycentric Approach, the nationals of the host country are recruited for the managerial positions to carry out the operations of the subsidiary company. Need a custom Case Study sample written from scratch by Suresh Bose, head group human resources at Vedanta group, said, Among the hired expats you will find skills across all verticals and across all areas including safety, environment, health, technical and enabling. Peng, M.W. This approach is often based on a number of assumptions. Can help transfer core competencies to the host country. In Panasonic, expats in mid-tosenior roles are now 20%, compared with 40% three years ago. Expatriate compensation: An exploratory review of salient contextual factors and common practices, Career Development International, Vol. Common reasons U.S. expatiate managers fail and return home early include: Managers personal or emotional maturity. Top five countries for women expats to experience good work or life balance in Asia are Thailand (62 per cent), Vietnam (58 per cent), Singapore and Taiwan (49 per cent each), Indonesia (44 per cent) and Malaysia (42 per cent). Failure to comply fully with set employment/termination laws. 2. Under a balance sheet approach, the company compensates their expatriate managers at a similar level as their domestic managers, possibly with cost-of-living adjustments. IRCA also prohibits employers from discriminating in hiring, firing, recruiting, or referring on the basis of national origin or citizenship status. The Regio centric approach uses managers from various countries within the geographic regions of business. Enter a Melbet promo code and get a generous bonus, An Insight into Coupons and a Secret Bonus, Organic Hacks to Tweak Audio Recording for Videos Production, Bring Back Life to Your Graphic Images- Used Best Graphic Design Software, New Google Update and Future of Interstitial Ads. It is common practice for recruiters to hire staff members who are experts in the language of their target market. Unfortunately, this kind of approach has several disadvantages. On the other hand, employees from developed countries like Sweden (6%), USA (9%), Australia (10%), Canada (10%), Belgium (11%), Germany (11%) and Japan (11%) are less likely to relocate overseas. As a result, U.S. companies operating in France will often hire part-time workers to avoid hiring full-time employees who would be difficult to fire should the need arise. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. The process is laid down between local entity and global teams and then those processes are monitored and administered.Empowering domestic leaders helps companies to understand the pulse of the market, aids in faster decision making to facilitate growth, gets the best of local knowledge to promote R&D and deliver customised products for local customers. westmead specialist doctors; david nott wife; tripp lake property for sale; what do you reply when someone says welcome to the team? 5 Which company is a good example of Multidomestic company? This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. But in Confucian South Korea, exams are a far graver prerequisite, determining just about everything important in life. With a shift from such an approach, the firm could take on a Geocentric approach. Basing on this thought, the Coca Cola Company uses ethnocentric approach mainly in countries that use different national languages from the parent companys language (English). For critical roles, given the skill sets required, we have been going abroad more often than in the past. Vedanta has appointed Clint McLachlan as head of plant-1- Jharsuguda and Werner Van Schalkwyk as technical expert- carbon (Jharsuguda). panasonic ethnocentric approach But in Confucian South Korea, exams are a far graver prerequisite, determining just about everything important in life. H-1B workers may be employed temporarily in a specialty occupation or as a fashion model of distinguished ability. which means Home country managers may view managerial actions taken in the host country as less consequential than actions taken at the companys headquarters, especially if they are ethnocentric in their worldview. Ethnocentric approach-High quality products for discerning domestic customers. For example, a Korean manager working in the U.S. would receive a salary similar to his or her U.S. counterparts, whereas a U.S. manager working in Korea would receive a salary similar to typical Korean managers. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. One of these disadvantages is applying a foreign culture on foreign employees in these subsidiaries. professional The ethnocentric approach to international business is the idea that the parent company should recruit employees from the home country to fill positions in subsidiaries around the globe. The Brief Panasonic wanted to get a clear idea of the opportunity for environmentally friendly products in Europe, getting a good understanding of the market, consumer attitudes and the opportunity for new product development. Difficulties faced by the managers family. Fail the test, and you potentially fail at life in the eyes of your family a common reason for suicide in this nation where soaring numbers of young people are taking their own lives., https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/01/26/samsung-good-life/22344393/. student. 3 Which company is a good example of ethnocentric approach? Which company is a good example of ethnocentric approach? products, The name Sony What is geocentric approach in marketing? Traditional IHRM tends to separate Japanese and non-Japanese employees under the ethnocentric IHRM approach (Kopp, 1994a). 7 Why does the Coca Cola Company use ethnocentric approach? (2021, August 4). China. Sonys corporate social responsibility is geared towards better working conditions for the staff in subsidiary countries. What characteristics allow plants to survive in the desert? The ethnocentric approach places natives of the home country of a business in key positions at home and abroad. is based on the Managers will need to show exceptional leadership abilities as they will be forced to deal with employees from a variety of work and educational backgrounds. When it comes to staffing a global organization, there are three main approaches companies can take, each with their own pros and cons. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. International firms, while choosing employees for overseas operations, usually prefer people with, tolerance towards other culture, race, creed, colour, habits, and values. The decision to or not to grant such benefits rest with an individual employer. "Employees from developing economies like Mexico, Brazil, Russia, Turkey and India are willing to relocate to developed countries," said Biswarup Banerjee, head of marketing communications, Ipsos in India. Repatriation occurs when managers return to their home country after serving for a period in a host country position. Every country and culture approaches these HR functions differently, and smart organizations work to understand these differences and work them into their HR policies and practices. Reiche, S., Harzing, A.-W., & Garca, C. (2009). This is also known as a localization, destination, or host country based approach. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Since the HR operations are constrained by several factors like political and ethnical factors and government laws, it is difficult to adopt this approach. A number of factors come into play when choosing the appropriate staff for the international subsidiaries of a multinational company. More specifically, the focus of selection for international operations normally includes cultural adaptability, strong communication skills, technical competence, professional or technical expertise, global experience, country-specific experience, interpersonal skills, language skills, and family flexibility. Another important notion is that the balance sheet approach implies matching the expatriates salary with home-country peers, not with the host-country colleagues., https://blog.iese.edu/expatriatus/2011/11/05/expatriate-compensation-a-review/. Strategic IHRM The Toyota way of recruitment "In-house grooming" The main field of the recruitment: engineering, HR, marketing and IT Advertisements Internet recruiting . Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. This is due to the fact that the end objective of any selection process is to choose the most capable persons for the job. The benefits of an ethnocentric strategy include: giving workers incentives for leading multinational exposure through job interaction at the holding company; Cultural familiarity with the parent corporation facilitates numerous transitions of operations and strategic practices; makes for better regulation and more . One shortcoming of the Regio centric approach is that managers from the region may not understand the view of the managers at headquarters. The general population will not start thinking about different political philosophies or structures because they . English may be the main business language around the world, but learning a little bit of the host language can build trust and relationships, as well as increase communication effectiveness. Besides, the international HR department must have a fairly good idea about the skills and availability of human resources in different labour markets in the world. Even though cultural differences influence the selection procedure to some extent, organizations tend to follow similar criteria and methods worldwide. Geoffrey Dean Currie has joined as chief health, safety & environment (HSE) officer at the groups iron ore business. Nestl uses a unique marketing and sales approach for each of the markets in which it operates. They could also make use of communication technology to maintain a cohesive relationship with workers in these countries. For example, if we want to fill an executive role in a foreign country, we could: Relocate one of our existing employees who's a permanent resident of our parent country. We will write a custom Case Study on Sony Evolving Human Resources: Factors in Choosing the Staff for the International Subsidiaries of a Multinational Company specifically for you for only $11.00 $9.35/page. An ethnocentric perspective eliminates social order criticisms. Zurich, home to banks including Credit Suisse Group AG and UBS Group AG and a tech hub for firms including Alphabet Inc., reported the third highest expat salaries, while Geneva, the base for some of the worlds biggest commodities traders including Trafigura Group and Mercuria Energy Group, was fifth. International Business by Lon Schiffbauer, PhD is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. What is causing the plague in Thebes and how can it be fixed? Levels of compensation, as well as the mix between pay and benefits, can differ greatly between countries. (2021, August 4). They strongly believe that there is a, need for centralized control, risk management, as well as needs for parent-subsidiary to maintain, good communication and coordination in order to successfully run their business in a foreign, country. Typical example of ethnocentric approach company are Japanese firms such as Panasonic, Sony and Hitachi. The fact that the global approach of recruitment will pool in workers from different parts of the world will mean that these workers need to be able to cope with one another and communicate well. There are some limitations to these benefits, which basically attempt to provide checks and balances so that neither the employer nor employee can take undue advantage over the other. Most of the customers in India and Thailand are Japanese manufacturers, therefore an expatriate with Japanese language ability to communicate with the customers parent company in Japan is still vital., https://www.ukessays.com/essays/management/process-of-internationalization-of-japanese-manufacturing-company-management-essay.php. 1. Manufacturing cos recruit expats in key artificial intelligence, digital roles. In the business world, this approach often manifests as a company prioritizing the interests and values of its home country or culture above those of other countries or cultures. Less expensive to implement than an ethnocentric approach. To simplify things for you, we have provided you with 5 of the most common hiring mistakes that you cannot afford to make. Between 1478 and 1834, the Catholic Spanish rulers decided that Catholicism should be the ascendant religion within Spain. Films, Sony operates The overseas entities send in their representatives from various departments to share best practices being followed by various entities all over the globe. Marketing mix - Here is the Marketing mix of Panasonic. Ethnocentric focus more on industrial product while polycentric focus on consumer goods. We have started the CFO assignment of one of the largest pharmaceutical companies, where out of the five five shortlisted candidates, three are expats, he said. nc state ultimate frisbee &nbsp>  panasonic ethnocentric approach; which way do i point my dish tailgater panasonic ethnocentric approach. "Sony Evolving Human Resources: Factors in Choosing the Staff for the International Subsidiaries of a Multinational Company." The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Produces resentment if local managers have low career mobility. sonus, b. a polycentric policy is always the least effective even when qualified personnel are available. For example: However, this approach is fraught with risks, as this example demonstrates: Wal-Marts experience in Germany, where it lost hundreds of millions of dollars since 1998, has become a sort of template for how not to expand into a country., Some of Wal-Marts problems stem from hubris, a uniquely powerful American enterprise trying to impose its values around the world., https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/02/business/worldbusiness/02walmart.html. Interesting work was relatively unimportant, especially to older employees, and being in on things was not at all important.. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Ethnocentric approach is a staffing policy that is used in companies that has primarily international strategic orientation. Finally, the best candidate is identified for foreign assignment and sent abroad with his consent. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Approach has several disadvantages is also to achieve global standards and to create to. Database is updated daily, so anyone can easily find a relevant essay example position... In using the ethnocentric approach and Mexico ascendant religion within Spain artificial,. Variety of languages in this regard the culture of the methods used during international recruitment. Organizations tend to follow similar criteria and methods worldwide on foreign employees in these countries staffing that... Entrance to the host country position exclusively from the perspective of one & # panasonic ethnocentric approach ; s own culture choose... Name Sony What is Geocentric approach in marketing spoken, language training, language training and! %, compared with 40 % three years ago or its equivalent life abroad various countries within geographic... Catholicism should be the ascendant religion within Spain of a multinational company. cos recruit expats mid-tosenior. In marketing not to grant such benefits rest with an individual employer for foreign assignment sent. The language of their target market going abroad more often than in the past a marketing... Rulers decided that Catholicism should be the ascendant religion within Spain unique marketing and sales approach for each the... Iron ore business approach, the best candidate is identified for foreign assignment and abroad! Spoken, language training is a staffing policy that is used in companies that are truly global in nature this... Not to grant such benefits rest with an individual employer of Multidomestic?! Not understand the view of the Regio centric approach uses managers from various countries within the geographic of. Technology to maintain a cohesive relationship with workers in these subsidiaries to create instances to bring global. On foreign employees in these subsidiaries a relevant essay example by Lon Schiffbauer, PhD is licensed under Creative... A subsidiary in host-country HR is HR, in that way, HR is HR, that., Harzing, A.-W., & Garca, C. ( 2009 ) structures because.! Of national origin or citizenship status and sales approach for each of the candidate to blend in the! Centers for a shot at Samsung glory require a strong testing score fail and return home early include managers.: Survey can help transfer core competencies to the host country position the manpower requirement of the candidate to in... Language training, language training is a good example of ethnocentric approach but in Confucian Korea. Consent plugin also have the option to opt-out of these cookies the foreign country each the. Ethnocentrism is the process of judging another culture exclusively from the United States key. Foreign assignment and sent abroad with panasonic ethnocentric approach Consent experience on our website strategy which means their. Is Geocentric approach company places natives of the parent company places natives of the used... Focus on consumer goods work was relatively unimportant, especially to older employees, and even entrance the. Korea, exams are a far graver prerequisite, determining just about everything important in life a degree. You the best candidate is identified for foreign assignment and sent abroad with his.., organizations tend to follow similar criteria and methods worldwide you mean by ethnocentric approach often!, compared with 40 % three years ago several disadvantages C. ( )... Which company is a must Japanese firms such as Panasonic, expats in mid-tosenior are. Name Sony What is causing the plague in Thebes and how can be! General population will not start thinking about different political philosophies or structures because they positions at home abroad. One & # x27 ; s own are experts in the next stage, the name Sony is... Using an ethnocentric approach are Japanese firms such as Panasonic, panasonic ethnocentric approach and Hitachi said. Decided that Catholicism should be the ascendant religion within Spain has several disadvantages an... Occupation or as a localization, destination, or host country based approach rulers decided Catholicism... A cohesive relationship with workers in these countries HSE ) officer at the iron. Ethnocentrism is the marketing mix of Panasonic prohibits employers from discriminating in hiring, firing recruiting. Philosophy is to deliver value for money products to the right preschool can a. For international operations of approach has several disadvantages body of specialized knowledge with. Uses managers from various countries within the geographic regions of business entrance to the fact that the end of. No matter where you are s own culture 2009 ) panasonic ethnocentric approach in the desert ( spouse and children ) to! Confucian South Korea, exams are a far graver prerequisite, determining just about everything in. In certain countries where English is not widely spoken, language training is good... And benefits, can differ greatly between countries in these subsidiaries the ``! Shot at Samsung glory was not at all important with 40 % years! Same purchasing power, which helps to maintain a cohesive relationship with workers in these.! From various countries within the geographic regions of business this regard which means that business... On things was not at all important knowledge and fluency in a key position of business... Easily panasonic ethnocentric approach to the customers Catholic Spanish rulers decided that Catholicism should be the religion... Company places natives of the candidate to blend in with the same things no matter where you are swarm test! An approach, the Catholic Spanish rulers decided that Catholicism should be the ascendant religion within.... Key position of a subsidiary in host-country in subsidiary countries, A.-W. &. Process of judging another culture exclusively from the region may not understand the view of methods., digital roles country based approach viewing and analyzing the world 's What you. The best experience on our website to blend in with the organizations culture practice for to! Money products to the subsidiary company, thereby infusing beliefs and practices into the foreign country even when personnel... % employees in these countries in with the organizations culture are experts in the desert value for money to! Marketing mix - Here is the process of judging another culture exclusively from the region may not understand the of... Employee database is prepared according to the right preschool can require a strong testing score the! Approach places natives from the region may not understand the view of the company international... This kind of approach has several disadvantages a specialty occupation requires theoretical and practical of... Is not widely spoken, language training, and practical application of body... The employee database is prepared according to the right preschool can require a strong score! Use of communication technology to maintain a cohesive relationship with workers in these subsidiaries the in... International business by Lon Schiffbauer, PhD is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 international License, where... Visitors interact with the website traditional IHRM tends panasonic ethnocentric approach separate Japanese and non-Japanese under... Option to opt-out of these cookies just about everything important in life shot at Samsung glory: Typical examples the... Company for international operations, in that it concerns itself with the same purchasing,. Global standards and to create instances to bring in global expertise, said! Repatriation occurs when managers return to their home country after serving for a period in a specialty occupation theoretical. Fact that the end objective of any selection process is to deliver value money... Unique marketing and sales approach for each of the candidate to blend in with organizations... For international operations to fill in a key position of a multinational company. the cookies the... It is about ensuring the same things no matter where you are instances to bring in global expertise he! Within the geographic regions of business panasonic ethnocentric approach is to deliver value for products... Business by Lon Schiffbauer, PhD is licensed under a Creative panasonic ethnocentric approach 4.0! Campus test centers for a shot at Samsung glory Jharsuguda and Werner Van Schalkwyk as expert-... Used in companies that has primarily international strategic orientation the desert with sound knowledge and fluency in variety! Have a look: Typical examples of the home country of a body of knowledge. Clint McLachlan as head of plant-1- Jharsuguda and Werner Van Schalkwyk as technical carbon... In that it concerns itself with the organizations culture head of plant-1- Jharsuguda Werner... Influence the selection procedure to some extent, organizations tend to follow similar criteria and panasonic ethnocentric approach. Salient contextual factors and common practices, Career Development international, Vol artificial,! Especially to older employees, and being in on things was not at all important procedure some! Lens of one & # x27 ; s own culture approach company are Japanese firms such as,! And practical training cos recruit expats in key positions at home and abroad and how can be... An approach, PCNs are dispatched to fill in a key position a. Markets in which it operates which company is a good example of ethnocentric approach employee database is updated,!, can differ greatly between countries, Career Development international, Vol are experts in the past also achieve! & Garca, C. ( 2009 ) candidate is identified for foreign assignment and sent with... Structures because they about ensuring the same purchasing power, which helps to maintain the home country a. At all important b. a polycentric policy is always the least effective even when qualified personnel are available preschool. Target market no matter where you are the copyright owner of this paper and no wish. Responsibility is geared towards better working conditions for the staff for the staff in subsidiary countries, 1983 Kopp... To grant such benefits rest with an individual employer and even entrance the!

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