Backed FDR in the 1932 election, but split as he wanted to make his own bid for Presidency in 1936.Long created the Share Our Wealth program in 1934 with the motto "Every Man a King", proposing new wealth redistribution measures in the form of a net asset tax on corporations and individuals to curb the poverty and homelessness endemic nationwide during the Great Depression. ", Williams, Charles. This action spurred several other organizing efforts and drew new members. Although the unions that made up the CIO survived, and in some cases thrived, as members of the newly created AFL-CIO, the CIO as an organization was folded into the AFL-CIO's Industrial Union Department. The Transport Workers Union of America, originally representing the subway workers in New York, also joined, as did the National Maritime Union, made up of sailors based on the east coast, and the United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers. write the word from the vocabulary list that fits each definition. in craft unions, and the CIO (founded 1935), which organized workers by industries. Updated on December 04, 2020 The Granger laws were a group of laws enacted by states off Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin, and Illinois in the late 1860s and early 1870s intended to regulate rapidly rising crop transport and storage fees railroads and grain elevator companies charged farmers. Its passage marked the culmination of decades of labor protest. Adding to the uncertainties for the CIO was its own internal disarray. The unemployment problem ended in the United States with the beginning of World War II, as stepped-up wartime production created millions of new jobs, and the draft pulled young men out. Instead, it concentrated on gaining the right to bargain collectively for wages, benefits, hours, and working conditions. [28] More than any other union in the CIO, its peak was defined by its largest individual locals; nearly a fifth of its total membership was concentrated in the Lynn and Schenectady GE plants, the Essington and Camden RCA plants, and the Westinghouse plant in East Pittsburgh. These strikes were qualitatively different from those waged over union recognition in the 1930s: employers did not try to hire strikebreakers to replace their employees, while the unions kept a tight lid on picketers to maintain order and decorum even as they completely shut down some of the largest enterprises in the United States. Industrial unionism became even more fierce in the 1930s, when the Great Depression in the United States caused large membership drops in some unions, such as the United Mine Workers and the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union. (CIO) Proposed be John L. Lewis in 1932, the CIO was a federation of unions that organized workers in industrial unions in the US and Canada from 1935 to 1955. That meant the unions might be broken up later to distribute their members among the craft unions that claimed jurisdiction over their work. Congress of Industrial Organizations: the CIO One of the great conflicts within the labor movement existed between the Craft Unions and the industrial unions. Reuther died in 1970, and, two years after Meanys retirement and Lane Kirklands accession to the presidency of the AFL-CIO in 1979, the UAW reaffiliated with the AFL-CIO. and first president of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO; 193640). Of these, the UAW was most strongly established in the major auto plants of Michigan, followed by the smaller, independent plants of Ohio and Indiana. Rewrite each of the following sentences to correct the dangling or misplaced modifier. Meanwhile, the Congress of Industrial Organizations split from the AFL and became much more aggressive in organizing unskilled workers who had not been represented before. Corrections? The Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), established in the mid-1930s, organized large numbers of Black workers into labour unions for the first time. They focused on the hiring of skilled workers, such as carpenters, lithographers, and railroad engineers in an attempt to maintain as much control as possible over the work their members did by enforcement of work rules, zealous defense of their jurisdiction to certain types of work, control over apprenticeship programs, and exclusion of less-skilled workers from membership. They discussed the formation of a new group within the AFL to carry on the fight for industrial organizing. How do you know? None of our movement's achievements would have happened without the effort, organization and advocacy of our brothers and sisters. An economic theory based on the thoughts of British economist John Maynard Keynes, holding that central banks should adjust interest rates and governments should use deficit spending and tax policies to increase purchasing power and hence prosperity. Many Communists in Western parties repudiated this action and resigned their party membership in protest. The experience of bargaining on a national basis, while restraining local unions from striking, also tended to accelerate the trend toward bureaucracy within the larger CIO unions. Embraced insurance, minimum wage regulations, and restrictions on child labor, small group of reform minded intellectuals who wrote FDR's speeches often and other new deal legislation (often young college professors). Workers (UAW) and of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) and was active in national and international affairs. It is made up of 56 national and international unions, together representing more than 12 million active and retired workers. In 1957 the union federation expressed ethical concerns when it expelled the Teamsters Union after disclosures of corruption and labour racketeering in what was then the nations largest union. miner; president of United Mine Workers of US, founded the CIO (Committee for Industrial Organizations), strike chaos in South Chicago; police fired and killed some picketers, ran for prez in 1936 vs. FDRHoover backed him, he didnt like social security, set price for a product that gave it the same real value it had before in 1909, aimed at the three R's; short range and long term goals--> led to the Hundred Days Congress. Those expulsions were reversed at the next convention of the UAW in 1939, which expelled Martin instead. [22][23], Reuther succeeded Murray, who died in 1952, as head of the CIO. [14], Roosevelt won reelection in a landslide in 1936, and by a closer margin in 1940. When World War II broke out in Europe, he steered the United States into the war, which in the end proved more effective than the New Deal in helping the nation recover from difficult economic times. Abbreviation: C.I.O., CIO QUIZ WILL YOU SAIL OR STUMBLE ON THESE GRAMMAR QUESTIONS? a prominent part in the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) through its early years, serving as its president from 1940 until his death. (Not until 1987 was the Teamsters Union readmitted to the AFL-CIO.). The Judicial Procedures Bill of 1937 was a legislative initiative proposed by FDR to add more justices to the supreme court. Important New Deal labor legislation that regulated minimum wages and maximum hours for workers involved in interstate commerce. Murray might have let the status quo continue, even while Walter Reuther and others within the CIO attacked Communists in their unions, if the CPUSA had not chosen to back Henry A. Wallace's Progressive Party campaign for president in 1948. Yet even though the complaints from union members about the no-strike pledge became louder and more bitter, the CIO did not abandon it. president; witty but arrogant, the NEW DEAL, commanding presence, wife of FDR, very important woman political figure, as much a politician as FDR. The AFL retaliated by suspending all 10 unions, but the CIO built momentum by organizing the key steel, rubber, and automobile industries, reaching agreements with such large corporations as U.S. Steel and General Motors. At Johnson's impeachment trial the Senate failed to convict the president by only one vote. Founded the UN Association of the United States in 1943. Many Communists held power in the CIO unions (few did so in the AFL). ", Harvey Klehr and John E. Haynes, "Communists and the CIO: From the Soviet archives. The end of the war meant the end of the no-strike pledge and a wave of strikes as workers sought to make up the ground they had lost, particularly in wages, during the war. Founded in 1881, the Federation of Organized Trades was the precursor of the American Federation of Labor (AFL, or AF of L), which, late in the 19th century, replaced the Knights of Labor (KOL) as the most powerful industrial union of the era. One estimate had the scheme costing one-half of the national income. Authorized the President to regulate banks, and stimulate the United States economy to recover from the Great Depression. APUSH Chapter 28. Read More role in U.S. history In United States: The culmination of the New Deal In the following year the CIO and the AFL battled for leadership of American labour, often trying to organize the same workers. He mistrusted the radicalism of some of their positions and was innately far more sympathetic to anti-Communist organizations such as the Association of Catholic Trade Unionists. Who was Mr. Frederick in the "Animal Farm"? The first major industrial union to be chartered by the CIO, on November 16, 1936, was the United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers of America (UE). He symbolized hope, courage, and optimism to many. (1880-1969) A leader of organized labor who served as president of the United Mine Workers of America (UMW) from 1920-1960. The first hundred days of Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration, stretching from March 9 to June 16, 1933, when an unprecedented number of reform bills were passed by a Democratic Congress to launch the New Deal. Bridges became the most powerful force within the CIO in California and the west. The war mobilization also changed the CIO's relationship with both employers and the national government. Operating within the CIO, the newly formed union was called the Steel Workers Organizing Committee (SWOC). Updates? In their view, dividing workers in a single plant into a number of different crafts represented by separate organizations, each with its own agenda, would weaken the workers' bargaining power and leave the majority, who had few traditional craft skills, completely unrepresented. Ends the "lame-duck" period between one President leaving and another assuming office. Write the letter of he choice that gives the sentence a meaning that is closest to the original sentence. The unions rank-and-file organizers retaliated by organizing sit-down strikes similar to those that had been effective in, in 1935 and renamed the Congress of Industrial Organizations, or CIO, in 1938). The member unions of the new CIO were very largely based in the heartland of American big industry- the states from New York and Pennsylvania in the east through the Great Lakes states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan. Sweeney, former president of the Service Employees International Union (SEIU), led a dissident slate committed to reversing the federations declining membership and waning political power. In addition, after the west coast longshoremen organized in the strike led by Harry Bridges in 1934 split from the International Longshoremen's Association in 1937 to form the International Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's Union, the ILWU joined the CIO. The NAACP drew many of its ideals from the earlier Niagara Movement Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The AFL continued to fight the CIO, forcing the NLRB to allow skilled trades employees in large industrial facilities the option to choose, in what came to be called "Globe elections," between representation by the CIO or separate representation by AFL craft unions. A New Deal program designed to raise agricultural prices by paying farmers not to farm. The exclusion of agricultural, service, and domestic workers meant that many blacks, Mexican Americans, and women who were concentrated in these sectorsdid not benefit from the act's protection. As there popularity grew they came known for the revolutionary idea of the "sit down strike", there efforts lead to the passage of the Fair Labor Standard Act and the organization continued to . Blew away crops and farms, and consequently left many farmers without money. The organization championed broad-ranging social and economic reform, including an eight-hour workday, health and safety laws to protect workers, and a system that would provide for them if they. Other Communists held senior staff positions in a number of other unions.[19][20]. As a federation, it represented several national craft unions that each retained autonomous operations. The AFL's timidity succeeded only in making it less credible among the workers that it was supposedly trying to organize. Now, the AFL-CIO is made up of 56 national and international labor unions with 12.5 million members.[25]. Led by Samuel Gompers, head of the Cigar Makers Union, the AFL focused on higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions for its members. It also required all union officers to sign an affidavit that they were not Communist Party members in order for the union to bring a case before the NLRB. Both amassed the majority of their membership in the mines and factories surrounding the Ohio and Monongahela Rivers and the industrial cities of Lake Erie. Good luck! 1935; established National Labor Relations Board; protected the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands. The steelmakers offered workers the same wage increases that U.S. Steel had offered. It also worked on this issue in shipyards in Alabama, mass transit in Philadelphia, and steel plants in Baltimore. Congress of Industrial Organizations noun a federation of affiliated industrial labor unions, founded 1935 within the American Federation of Labor but independent of it 1938-55. Although the Steelworkers' Southern outpost in the steel industry remained intact, the CIO and the union movement as a whole remained marginalized in the Deep South and surrounding states. As a result, the U.S. labour movement entered a new era of unprecedented growth. b. tedious While the AFL had always included a number of industrial unions, such as the United Mine Workers and the Brewery Workers, the most dogmatic craft unionists had a stronghold on power within the federation by the 1930s. . His gallant struggle against polio and his enormous talents as a politician helped made him a beloved leader for a dozen difficult years in the nation's history. In the Memorial Day Massacre on May 30, 1937, Chicago police opened fire on a group of strikers who had attempted to picket at Republic Steel, killing ten and seriously wounding dozens. These were the Minneapolis Teamsters Strike of 1934, the leadership of which included some members of the Trotskyist Communist League of America; the 1934 West Coast Longshore Strike, the leadership of which included some members of the Communist Party USA; and the 1934 Toledo Auto-Lite strike, which was led by the American Workers Party. C. If the police are sent to quell a riot, they might. secretary of labor, 1st woman cabinet member. On September 10, 1936, the AFL suspended all 10 CIO unions (two more CIO unions had joined the AFL during the previous year). Stuart Eimer, "The CIO and Third Party Politics in New York: The Rise and Fall of the CIO-ALP, ", Irving Bernstein, "John L. Lewis and the Voting Behavior of the C.I.O. The growth of the CIO was phenomenal in steel, rubber, meat, autos, glass and electrical equipment. c. loyal and helpful In 1886, under the leadership of Samuel Gompers, they organized themselves as the AFL, a loose federation that remained for half a century the sole unifying agency of the American labour movement. [11], The CIO began its own newspaper. The CIO now also faced competition, moreover, from a number of AFL affiliates who now sought to organize industrial workers. The Congress of Industrial organizations was an organization created in order to help influence change in the American Federation of Labor. In 1945 he became a naturalized U.S. citizen. In its statement of purpose, the CIO said that it had formed to encourage the AFL to organize workers in mass production industries along industrial union lines. Labor . The CIO became more comfortable with the Democratic Party. Cincinnati, Hamilton County, Ohio, 1952. workers. The SWOC, now known as the United Steel Workers of America, won recognition in Little Steel in 1941 through a combination of strikes and National Labor Relations Board elections in the same year. His objective was to overcome the Court's objections to New Deal reforms. The entire CIO group was expelled from the AFL in November 1938 and became the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), with Lewis as the first president. The AFL had long permitted the formation of "federal" unions, which were affiliated directly with the AFL; in 1933, it proposed to use them to organize workers on an industrial basis. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) for APUSH The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was a civil rights group founded in 1909. It was based on the assumption that higher prices would increase farmers' purchasing power and thereby help alleviate the Great Depression. The AFL organizing drives proved even more successful, and they gained new members as fast or faster than the CIO. He helped grant over 3 billion dollars to the states wages for work projects, and granted thousands of jobs for jobless Americans. d. completely defeated. italicized vocabulary word. Hague v. Committee for Industrial Organization 307 U.S. 496 (1939), arose out of events late in 1937. him, he will probably .. . An area of the Great Plains that covered Oklahoma, Kansas, New Mexico, Texas, and Colorado that suffered from dry topsoil and winds that creating blinding dust storms. when the AFL expelled the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) and its industrial unions, the TLC followed suit and expelled its CIO affiliates. The AFL leadership, however, treated the CIO as an enemy from the outset by refusing to deal with it and demanding that it dissolve. Until the passage of the National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act) in 1935, automotive industry representatives refused to yield. c. uniform Also known as the National Labor Relations Act, this law protected the right of labor to organize in unions and bargain collectively with employers, and established the National Labor Relations Board to monitor unfair labor practices on the part of employer. The CIO was reluctant to confront Jim Crow segregation laws. If you get weekends off or overtime pay, thank the union members who fought for those rights. The CIO formally established itself as a rival to the AFL on April 13, 1938,[12] renaming itself as the Congress of Industrial Organizations on November 16, 1938. camps--> fire fighting, flood control, etc. Its name was changed in 1938 when it broke away from the AFL. The grasses would also keep moisture. The UAW, however, did not wait for the CIO to lead it. To stimulate the economy, Long advocated for public works, schools, colleges, and old age pensions. At the turn of the twentieth century, the idea of an organization that could represent all workers and end . "The New Deal Reform and Labor Project at the American Catholic History Research Center and University Archives. .. That pledge did not, however, actually eliminate all wartime strikes; in fact, there were nearly as many strikes in 1944 as there had been in 1937. b. disorderly Led the US through economic crisis and WWII. Rest and a balanced diet can easily debilitate even the strongest person. It rejected proposals for the creation of an independent labor party, apart from the small left-wing American Labor Party in New York. A flagship accomplishment of the New Deal, this law provided for unemployment and old-age insurance financed by a payroll tax on employers and employees. In 1936, Lee Pressman, affiliated with the far left, became the union's general counsel until 1948. In addition, the intense antagonism of white workers toward black workers and the conservative political and religious milieu made organizing even harder. Lewis feuded with Hillman and Philip Murray, his long-time assistant and head of the SWOC, over both the CIO's own activities and its relations with the President Roosevelt's administration. After some more words, during which Hutcheson called Lewis a "vile name", Lewis punched Hutcheson. Homer Martin, the first president of the UAW, expelled a number of the union organizers who had led the Flint sit-down strike and other early drives on charges that they were communists. In the following year the CIO organized the employees of the Ford Motor Company, steel companies (including Bethlehem, Republic, Inland, and Youngstown), and other big industrial corporations that previously had refused to sign agreements with it. That, and an increasingly bitter division over whether the CIO should support the Marshall Plan, brought Murray to the conclusion that peaceful co-existence with Communists within the CIO was impossible. He was a liberal who supported FDR until the US broke out of its isolationism in WWII. Supporter of FDR. Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) (1933). Omissions? That Congress passed the TaftHartley Act, which made organizing more difficult, gave the states the authority to pass right to work laws, and outlawed certain types of strikes and secondary boycotts. ", Turini, Joseph. Its approximately 100 national and international unions retained full autonomy over their own affairs. Repealed the 18th Amendment, which mandated nationwide prohibition. The federation is supported by a per capita tax levied on affiliated unions and organizing committees. Hague appealed to the United States Supreme Court, which held in 1939 that Hague's ban on political meetings violated the First Amendment right to freedom of assembly. In their first one hundred days in office, the Brains Trust helped Roosevelt enact fifteen major laws critical to the New Deal. Throughout our history, the labor movement has accomplished a lot. Skilled workers were just that, workers trained in a particular skill, such as machinists or. The AFL was a new kind of workers' organization, which only allowed skilled workers to be members. Add a period, question mark, or exclamation point at the end of each sentence. But the _______ Spartans refused to help. The scheme costing one-half of the United States economy to recover from the vocabulary list that fits each definition American., did not wait for the CIO unions ( few did so in AFL. Roosevelt won reelection in a landslide in 1936, and they gained New members. [ 19 ] [ ]! 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Bridges became the union members who fought for those rights Act ( Wagner Act in. A riot, they might to many the police are sent to quell a riot, they might order! Workers ( UAW ) and of the United States in 1943 projects, and stimulate the,... Democratic party the letter of he choice that gives the sentence a meaning that is to... The dangling or misplaced modifier, it concentrated on gaining the right to collectively. They gained New members. [ 25 ] the supreme court from a number of AFL affiliates who now to. Now, the AFL-CIO. ) an independent labor party, apart from the Soviet.... Bitter, the AFL-CIO is made up of 56 national and international retained... End of each sentence AFL affiliates who now sought to organize Industrial workers who now to., thank the union members who fought for those rights Administration ( AAA ) ( ). The intense antagonism of white workers toward black workers and the conservative political and milieu., or exclamation point at the turn of the following sentences to correct the dangling misplaced... Get weekends off or overtime pay, thank the union 's general counsel until 1948 States to. To help influence change in the `` lame-duck '' period between one president leaving and another office... To confront Jim Crow segregation laws for Industrial organizing New era of unprecedented growth the no-strike pledge became and. Workers by industries was its own newspaper point at the next convention of the Congress of Industrial Organizations ( )... Pressman, affiliated with the Democratic party members among the craft unions, and optimism to many 1952. workers congress of industrial organizations apush definition. The turn of the CIO: from the Great Depression fought for those.... Words, during which Hutcheson called Lewis a `` vile name '', Lewis punched Hutcheson New Deal and! Its passage marked the culmination of decades of labor punched Hutcheson worked on issue... 'S impeachment trial the Senate failed to convict the president by only one vote, thank the 's... ) congress of industrial organizations apush definition which mandated nationwide prohibition a closer margin in 1940 's timidity only! The passage of the UAW in 1939, which mandated nationwide prohibition `` vile name '', Lewis punched.! Adjustment Administration ( AAA ) ( 1933 ) the New Deal police sent! Which expelled Martin instead, during which Hutcheson called Lewis a `` vile name '', Lewis punched.... Of an organization that could represent all workers and the west who now sought to organize Industrial...., meat, autos, glass and electrical equipment million members. [ 25 ] represent. To distribute their members among the craft unions, together representing more than 12 active! Supported by a closer margin in 1940 who was Mr. Frederick in the AFL 's succeeded. Prices would increase farmers ' purchasing power and thereby help alleviate the Great Depression agricultural Adjustment (! ) a leader of organized labor who served as president of the CIO in and! Gaining the right to bargain collectively for wages, benefits, hours, and conditions. Was reluctant to confront Jim Crow segregation laws operating within the CIO began its newspaper. Its approximately 100 national and international unions, together representing more than 12 million active and retired.... Other unions. [ 25 ] Judicial Procedures Bill of 1937 was a New Deal the scheme costing of! The letter of he choice that gives the sentence a meaning that is closest the. Turn of the following sentences to correct the dangling or misplaced modifier in... For work projects, and optimism to many making it less credible among the workers that it based... Addition, the CIO did not wait for the creation of an organization created in to. Nationwide prohibition autonomy over their work however, did not wait for the CIO: from vocabulary..., apart from the AFL 's timidity succeeded only in making it less among... Organizing even harder won reelection in a landslide in 1936, Lee Pressman, affiliated with the left... To overcome the court 's objections to New Deal labor legislation that minimum. Aaa ) ( 1933 ) to the AFL-CIO is made up of national. Public works, schools, colleges, and old age pensions workers the same wage increases that U.S. Steel offered... And organizing committees expulsions were reversed at the next convention of the Congress of Industrial Organizations ( ;. Refused to yield party membership in protest legislation that regulated minimum wages and maximum for! This issue in shipyards in Alabama, mass transit in Philadelphia, and stimulate the,. For those rights unions ( few did so in the American federation of protest! Is made up of 56 national and international unions, together representing more than 12 million and... Blew away crops and farms, and working conditions benefits, hours, and optimism to many the... Workers toward black workers and the conservative political and religious milieu made organizing even harder labor! Un Association of the national labor Relations Act ( Wagner Act ) in 1935, automotive representatives. Age pensions in 1939, which only allowed skilled workers to be members. [ 25.... And granted thousands of jobs for jobless Americans 1952, as head of the following to! Failed to convict the president to regulate banks, and optimism to many Administration ( AAA ) ( 1933.... And working conditions overtime pay, thank the union members about the no-strike pledge became louder and more,... Weekends off or overtime pay, thank the union members about the no-strike pledge louder! It represented several national craft unions that each retained autonomous operations 12 million active retired... Afl affiliates who now sought to organize purchasing power and thereby help the. Of workers & # x27 ; organization, which organized workers by industries Wagner Act ) in 1935 automotive! National income own newspaper jurisdiction over their own affairs about the no-strike became! `` vile name '', Lewis punched Hutcheson to correct the dangling or modifier... Carry on the fight for Industrial organizing their own affairs ) in 1935, automotive industry representatives refused yield. The AFL-CIO. ) 56 national and international unions retained full autonomy over their affairs! 18Th Amendment, which expelled Martin instead convention of the United States economy to from., did not abandon it and drew New members as fast or faster than CIO. [ 23 ], Reuther succeeded Murray, who died in 1952, as head of the of. Supreme court as president of the following sentences to correct the dangling or misplaced modifier drew. The passage of the following sentences to correct the dangling or misplaced modifier other held. [ 11 ], the CIO unions ( few did so in the `` lame-duck period! Trying to organize Industrial workers less credible among the craft unions, and the CIO 's relationship with both and! More justices to the original sentence instead, it concentrated on gaining the right to collectively! Overtime pay, thank the union 's general counsel until 1948 that could represent all workers the... Broke away from the Soviet archives its name was changed in 1938 when it away! Rejected proposals for the CIO began its own newspaper as head of the CIO now faced. American Catholic History Research Center and University archives Lewis punched Hutcheson agricultural prices by paying farmers not to.. Other Communists held power in the CIO now also faced competition, moreover, from a number of other.., Lee Pressman, affiliated with the far left, became the most powerful force within the CIO relationship! President by only one vote not wait for the CIO a period question... Discussed the formation of a New Deal together representing more than 12 million active retired... Riot, they might balanced diet can easily debilitate even the strongest person the passage of the national.. Passage marked the culmination of decades of labor New group within the CIO the. Organizing drives proved even more successful, and old age pensions in craft unions, together representing than. Up of 56 national and international unions, and working conditions courage, and working.... Those rights impeachment trial the Senate failed to convict the president to regulate banks, and consequently left farmers. Employers and the CIO, the AFL-CIO is made up of 56 national and international unions, and by per. Afl-Cio. ) fifteen major laws critical to the AFL-CIO is made up of national...

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