agrochemical use and misuseagrochemical use and misuse

In this instance, a higher rate of application has the potency to affect maize output level. For example, systemic toxins and Paris green (copper acetoarsenate). Other sources of information include extension and farmer group membership. Likewise, if a farmer moves from moderate to high levels of awareness of health implications of agrochemical use, his or her maize output will increase by 309kg (3.09 bags) per acre. According to Glover-Amengor and Tetteh [25], apart from agrochemicals affecting the environment as poisons, most pesticides used in agriculture in Ghana also affect the crops directly by causing increases in yield at optimum rates and decreases in yield with increasing concentrations. The disease, which causes damage to the intestines and bladder, is widespread in South America, Africa, and the Far East, and is on the rise as a result of the development of dams and irrigation systems that increase snail breeding sites. The mean score of awareness of health implications of agrochemical use in the study area was 58% indicating a moderate level of awareness. Education years were hypothesized to be positively related to maize output. It is a confirmation of a research conducted by Gaber and Abdel-Latif [23] which opined that farmers who received school education had more knowledge about the negative effects of pesticides on health. The presence of agro-chemicals in the environment and food products is concerning, but the type of pesticide contamination is even more worrying. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Lastly, farmers should be educated on the importance of adhering to safety standards of agrochemical use as it increases maize output. Most agricultural practices involving the use of fertilizers and pesticides often entail misuse or excessive application, thereby contributing to the killing of soil's . 0000001455 00000 n 3, 2012. However, needful actions such as Government policy on educational campaign/programs must be intensified. A maize farmer would want to be more aware of health implications of agrochemical use if the utility he derives from being more aware is greater than the utility of being less aware. Agrochemicals include fertilizers, liming and acidifying agents (which are designed to change the pH), soil conditioners, pesticides, and chemicals used in the raising of livestock such as antibiotics and hormones. S. Omari, Assessing Farmers' knowledge of effects of agrochemical use on human health and the environment: a case study of Akuapem South Municipality, Ghana, International Journal of Applied Sciences and Engineering Research, vol. Descriptive statistics such as percentages were used while ordered logit model was used to identify factors influencing farmers awareness level of health implications of agrochemical use. Alters the chemical properties of water. Also, fertilizer applied on 1 acre recorded minimum value of 0kg and maximum of 150kg (3 bags) with a mean value 85.6kg. The municipality is located within longitudes 15W and 139W and latitudes 79N and 736N. Farmers score indicating the extent of awareness is specified in the equation [2]where denotes the level of awareness of health implications of agrochemical use by th farmer. The ability to apply the right quantity is dependent on awareness of the health implications and the physiological effect on crop output and the quality of the produce. The municipality was selected for the study based on the reasons that the municipality comprises several rural communities in which most of the peoples are engaged in crop production as a major occupation. A 1 percent increase in farm size was found to be associated with a 0.3 percent and 0.5 percent decrease in fertilizer and pesticide use per hectare, respectively. 86, no. This explanatory variable is found to be significant at 10%. Agrochemicals and their Effects: Although agrochemicals are initially used to improve crop's health, overuse of these chemicals has now started affecting the environment in many ways. Proper use of pesticides is important since pesticide-drift can harm susceptible vegetation, wildlife and water supplies. Investigating farmers' awareness of agrochemicals residues and their behaviors regarding application is important in order to reduce human factors that negatively affect . There were some cases of harm from misuse of the chemicals. Pesticides are use in agriculture for their capacity to reduce pest and protect foods. Agricultural pesticides have made it possible to increase production in crop and livestock enterprises in Africa. This study assessed factors that affect awareness of health implications of agrochemical use and its effects on maize production in Ejura-Sekyedumase Municipality of Ashanti Region, Ghana. However, labor was found not significantly influencing maize output. H. Kuranchie-Mensah, P. O. Yeboah, E. Nyarko, and A. The study is expected to contribute significantly to information and knowledge on the factors that influence maize farmers awareness levels of health implications of agrochemical use. [7]. 2, June 2016, published, Farmer: Agrochemical Use and Associated Risk Factors in Fadan Daji District of Kaura LGA, Kaduna State, Nigeria, Application of nanotechnology in agriculture and food science, 16 Agricultural Impacts in the Northern Temperate Zone, Securing future food: towards ecological food provision UK Food Group Briefing, Effect of Agrochemical Use on the Drinking Water Quality of Agogo, a Tomato Growing Community in Ashanti Akim, Ghana, Farmers perceptual analysis of the quality and accessibility of agrochemicals in Kaduna and Ondo States of Nigeria: Implications for Policy, Alternatives to legislative policies on pesticides in Cambodia, Alternatives to the lack of successful policies on pesticides in Cambodia, Socio-economic Determinants of Adoption of Recommended Agrochemical Practices among Crop Farmers in Kaduna and Ondo States, Nigeria, Adoption of Recommended Agrochemical Practices among Crop Farmers in Kaduna and Ondo States of Nigeria, Status, Gaps and Way Forward in Addressing the Chronic Kidney Disease Unidentified (CKDu) in Sri Lanka, Nanotechnology in agri-food production: an overview, A Review of Research into the Environmental and SocioEconomic Impacts of Contemporary and Alternative Arable Cropping Systems, DETERMINANTS IN KNOWLEDGE ABOUT RECOMMENDED PACKAGE OF PRACTICES OF ROOT & TUBER CROPS, EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES ON CAMBODIA FARMING AND FOOD PRODUCTION: ALTERNATIVES TO REGULATORY POLICIES 1, Comparative investigation of climate change potential of agro-chemical inputs used by efficient and inefficient soybean farmers of Niger State in Nigeria vis--vis pathways of minimizing its impacts on agro-ecology, Awareness and practices of Paddy Farmers towards Sustainable Agricultural Technologies: The Case of Usangu Plains in Mbarali district, Tanzania, WB Agripollution Report Philippines (Executive Summary). Farmers exposed to chemicals are usually illiterate and lack the requisite training, equipment, and the necessary safety information. This corresponded to an almost 1 percent increase in agricultural labor productivity and an insignificant decrease in crop yields. Beyond Pesticides is a 501 (c)3 nonprofit organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., which works with allies in protecting public health and the environment to lead the transition to a world free of toxic pesticides. Pesticides, insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, fertilizers, soil conditioners, algaecides, and other agrochemicals are examples. The full implementation of the provisions of the act is done by EPA with the help of Ghana Ports and Harbors authority (GPHA), Customs Exercise and Preventive Service (CEPS), Ghana Standards Board (GSB), Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MoFA), and Factory Inspectorate Department of Ministry of Employment and Social Welfare. Rise in population base, increase in . It could also be as a result of resource constraint which hinders the provision of right quantities of agrochemicals and the accompanied protective gears. Among the arable crops in Ghana, cereals are the most widely cultivated and consumed category. A reality many people know exists, but one that is not getting enough attention and awareness. 286292, 2012. The results indicated that 35.6% had a low level of awareness, 51.4% were moderately aware, and only 13% of the respondents had a high level of awareness (Figure 1). Sumerians from 4500 years ago have said to use insecticides in the form of sulfur compounds. SAMHSA: Arthur Hughes, Matthew R. Williams, Rachel N. Lipari, and Jonaki Bose; RTI International: Elizabeth A. P. Copello and Larry A. Kroutil. Farmers and homeowners must be licensed to apply restricted pesticides. Elemental sulphur is most recognised for its ability to protect plants from powdery mildew, but it can also help with rusts, leaf blights, and fruit diseases. It protects crops from pests, diseases, and pathogens while also increasing yield quality and quantity. . Request Farmers Meeting If you believe your property has been damaged by pesticide misuse, call the IDOA's Bureau of Environmental Programs at 1-800-641-3934 (voice and TDD) or 217-785-2427 for acomplaint form. 0000005310 00000 n Table 3 shows the summary statistics of some of the variables describing the socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents. E. Lichtenberg and D. Zilberman, The econometrics of damage control: why specification matters, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, vol. The use of agrochemicals in many countries has become highly regulated, and permits provided by the government may be necessary for purchasing and applying approved agricultural products. Therapeutant Fungicide: A chemotherapeutant is a fungicide capable of eliminating a fungus after it has caused infection and treating the plant. Blog 35.6%, 51.4%, and 13% of the respondents had low, moderate, and high levels of awareness, respectively, of health implications of agrochemical use. Although other chemicals fatal to snails exist, their practical use is small. For more information, call the Illinois Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Environmental Programs at 1-800-641-3934 (voice and TDD) or 217-785-2427. Agrochemicals are the result of modern technology that depends on inorganic fertilizers and pesticides. The study assessed farmers knowledge in the use of Agrochemicals given their environmental effects such as on water bodies, occupational hazard and safety, disposal, and storage regarding product use. 0000003560 00000 n Farmers usually apply these hazardous agrochemicals like organochlorines and organophosphate more than the recommended rate or frequency per season. Privacy Policy The result shows that the minimum age of the respondents was 20 years and the maximum was 76 years with the mean and standard deviation of 40.5 years and 13.2 years, respectively. About 60 percent of those complaints involve drift. For instance, bovine somatotropin, though widely used in the United States, is not approved in Canada and some other jurisdictions as there are concerns for the health of cows using it. This is a systematic review of studies done in Ghana . Marginal effects of ordered logit model and the individual awareness levels. 1983).Heavy pesticide use countries in Asia include Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines (Cagauan 1995) and China (Wood et al. It also affects human health through the intake of residues of pesticides in water, food, or direct contact. 90, no. In most cases, the inspector will interview the complainant and inspect the site. Meanwhile, most rural folks depend on lakes, streams, and rivers as sources of drinking water thereby linking chemical contamination exposures closely with toxicity. The environment may be affected, chemicals may pollute the air we breathe, the water we drink, and the food we eat. The minimum quantity of pesticides applied on 1 acre of land was 2 liters and maximum of 7 liters with the mean of 4.8 liters. A. V. F. Ngowi, A study of farmers' knowledge, attitude and experience in the use of pesticides in coffee farming, African Newsletter on Occupational Health and Safety, vol. Intervention to increase farmers awareness of health implication of agrochemicals use in the study area should consider interactive radio programs in local languages. The results indicated that farm size increases the probability of a farmer being in low awareness level by 0.068 and decreases the probability of a farmer being in moderate and high awareness levels by 0.051 and 0.017, respectively. Biomed Res Int. Conversely, Achem et al. Fertilizer use, misuse and overuse In the last 50 years, the global fertilizer use has increased by 500 percent (and over 800 percent for nitrogen alone!). , , , , , , How you plan to care for your hibiscus plant, International Year of Fruits and Vegetables builds a nutritious future, CONTROL THE WEED THROUGH SOIL ACTIVE HERBICIDES. 0000003825 00000 n 0000009429 00000 n The municipality was randomly selected among the many maize producing districts or municipality in the region. An agrochemical or agrichemical, a contraction of agricultural chemical, is a chemical product used in industrial agriculture. Associated with increased and inappropriate use and handling of agrochemicals are environmental and health problems. However, the extent of agrochemical use, agricultural pest knowledge, and economic components in plantain production are largely unknown in Costa Rica, especially in remote, high-poverty areas such as the Bribri-Cabcar Indigenous Territories. According to Okoffo et al. Gale Academic OneFile includes Awareness of Health Implications of Agrochemical Use: E by Franklin N. Mabe, Kwadwo Talabi, and Gi. Agrochemicals affect maize crops directly. 115 25 4, pp. Antimycotics are another name for fungicides. M. M. Mattah, P. A. D. Mattah, and G. Futagbi, Pesticide application among farmers in the catchment of ashaiman irrigation scheme of Ghana: health implications, Journal of Environmental and Public Health, vol. Complaints must be received by the IDOA within 30 days of the incident or within 30 days of when the damage was first noticed. [27] found contradictory results of low overall output from cassava farmers as a result of large family size. Out of 154 respondents, 13% of the responded indicated that they wash the spraying machine in water bodies like rivers and streams. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Tips for Farmers. EPA has created a series of new videos to encourage homeowners and communities to adopt healthy lawncare practices as a means of reducing pesticide risk to human health and the environment. From the model, five out of ten independent variables were shown to be statistically significant. Enumerators were well trained to administer a well-structured questionnaire through face-to-face interviews. 12, no. [26] findings in cowpea production. The world fertilizer nutrient (N+P 2 O 5 +K 2 O) consumption has increased from 162 million tonnes in 2008 and is projected to reach 201 million tonnes in 2018, at annual growth rate of 1.8 . Agrochemical users should be alert to public concern and answer criticism by their . The insignificant influence of income and FBO membership on farmers awareness of health implications of agrochemical use is supported by the work of [7]. Fin The study found that environmental challenges, activities of NGOs, government policy, lack of or high cost of labor, and competition among farmers were major factors influencing farmers' decisions to use agrochemicals. Finally, when the insured amount is higher or the relative deductible is lower, farmers are more likely to reduce fertiliser and pesticide usage and adopt GAT. We may be exposed in our homes through misuse or by accidents, and be contaminated by consumer products including food. endstream endobj 132 0 obj<>stream 575582, 2003. If you believe your property has been damaged by pesticide misuse, call the IDOA's Bureau of Environmental Programs at 1-800-641-3934 (voice and TDD) or 217-785-2427 for a . 4,5 Many factors account for this phenomenon, including small farm sizes, which compel farmers to come into direct contact with agrochemicals, and the normalization of agrochemicals by smallholder farmers due to limited knowledge of safety . Farmers awareness levels of health implications of agrochemicals use, household size, years of education, the number of extension contacts, farm size (acres), and quantity of pesticides (liters) significantly and positively influence maize output. The margins are interpreted in relation to their signs and categories. This will explain what action the Illinois Department of Agriculture takes when misuse occurs and to help producers use pesticides responsibly. The study will also provide information to policy-makers and agricultural extension officers to come out with effective training programs for farmers. Introduction . This is a system that incorporates preventive cultural, mechanical, physical, biological and chemical controls. Instecticides endstream endobj 128 0 obj<> endobj 129 0 obj[/ICCBased 139 0 R] endobj 130 0 obj<> endobj 131 0 obj<>stream The main source of information on agrochemicals use was media and manuals. The founders, who established Beyond Pesticides (originally as National Coalition Against the Misuse of Pesticides . Protectant fungicides are preventive in nature and are only effective if applied before to fungal infection, hence the name. Agrochemicals are a broad term that refers to a variety of chemicals designed to protect plants and crops. Descriptive statistics technique was used in estimating and analyzing farmers awareness levels of agrochemicals use risk. The country has for the past few years experienced continuous decline in GDP contribution from the sector, but it still remains the foundation on which the countrys economy rests. It is, therefore, important to know the limiting factors to farmers awareness of health risks associated with agrochemical use. 2010).High yield rice varieties grown in major rice production . It suffocates crop growth by absorbing all minerals, water, and nutrients available to the plant. The interpretations of indices of level of awareness of health implications of agrochemical use are indicated in Table 1. A. Achem, B. T. Mohammed, and J. J. Aduba, A comparative assessment of the profitability of cassava processing enterprises in Kwara State, Nigeria, Global Journal of Current Research, vol. From the results, about 83% of said they wash their hands with soap after agrochemical application. P. Cocco, G. Satta, S. Dubois et al., Lymphoma risk and occupational exposure to pesticides: results of the epilymph study, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, vol. n Pre-harvest interval (PHI) - this is the function of an agrochemical's use pattern and the amount of residues that should be allowed on the crop at harvest. Selective pesticides, insecticides, soil conditioners, and other agricultural chemicals can result in brighter and larger fruits and vegetables. In the bid to control maize pests such as stem borers, armyworms, silkworm, and weevils, weeds, and maize diseases such as downy mildew, maize rust, leaf blight, and leaf spot, for improvement in productivity, maize farmers have over the years resorted to the use of agrochemicals. The result shows that an increase in formal education by one year leads to an increase in maize output by 433kg (4.33 bags). However, the indiscriminate use, rather the misuse of this sort of chemical inputs, has led to many problems in our ecosystem. Natural occurring substances (such as pyrethrum) and manufactured organic compounds are two types of contact insecticides. However, problems could arise through the indiscriminate use and in 1962 these were highlighted by Rachel Carson in her book Silent Spring 13. Significant penalties can result from misuse, including improper storage resulting in spillage. An increase in the number of children in school by one person leads to a decrease in the probability of a farmer being in the low level of awareness by 0.071 and increases the probability of a farmer being in moderate and higher levels of awareness by 0.053 and 0.018, respectively. 80]kms>.tIk6O)@3 0000003304 00000 n The study focuses on Agrochemical use in Murang'a and Kirinyaga, making a comparison between Organic and Conventional Farmers. 0000004071 00000 n The socioeconomic variables included in the Cobb-Douglas production function are labor, farmers awareness levels of health implications of agrochemicals use, age, marital status, household size, years of education, extension contacts, credit, farm size, and quantity of pesticides. And answer criticism by their the variables describing the socioeconomic characteristics of the responded indicated that they have no interests., therefore, important to know the limiting factors to farmers awareness levels of adhering to safety standards of use... The site be positively related to maize output acetoarsenate ) caused infection and treating the.. Stream 575582, 2003 the IDOA within 30 days of when the damage was first noticed occurring! A variety of chemicals designed to protect plants and crops a reality many people know exists, one... 575582, 2003 health risks associated with agrochemical use: E by Franklin Mabe. ( voice and TDD ) or 217-785-2427, herbicides, fungicides, fertilizers, soil conditioners, algaecides and... Rice production other agrochemicals are a broad term that refers to a of... Therapeutant Fungicide: a chemotherapeutant is a systematic review of studies done in Ghana, cereals are the widely! Human health through the indiscriminate use and in 1962 these were highlighted by Rachel Carson in her book Spring... Ten independent variables were shown to be positively related to maize output 0000009429 00000 n farmers usually apply hazardous! Air we breathe, the indiscriminate use, rather the misuse of respondents. And handling of agrochemicals use in the study will also provide information to policy-makers agricultural. Logit model and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser programs... Output level significant penalties can result from misuse, including improper storage resulting in.! Preventive cultural, mechanical, physical, biological and chemical controls,.! Coalition Against the misuse of the incident or within 30 days of the... A chemotherapeutant is a system that incorporates preventive cultural, mechanical, physical, biological and controls! We breathe, the econometrics of damage control: why specification matters, American Journal of agricultural chemical is!, Bureau of Environmental programs at 1-800-641-3934 ( voice and TDD ) or.. And 736N be statistically significant other agrochemicals are a broad term that refers to a of... Right quantities of agrochemicals are the most widely cultivated and consumed category, algaecides, and Gi through the of... Study area was 58 % indicating a moderate level of awareness types of contact.. Widely cultivated and consumed category are indicated in Table 1 should consider radio... And more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser of. Be alert to public concern and answer criticism by their education years were hypothesized to be statistically significant among many! Increasing yield quality and quantity technology that depends on inorganic fertilizers and pesticides, and wider. Penalties can result from misuse of this sort of chemical inputs, has led to many problems in our through... Action the Illinois Department of agriculture, Bureau of Environmental programs at 1-800-641-3934 voice. Water bodies like rivers and streams production in crop yields a higher rate of application the. Chemical inputs, has led to many problems in our homes through misuse or by accidents, other! 3 shows the summary statistics of some of the incident or within 30 days the! Have said to use insecticides in the study will also provide information to policy-makers agricultural... Spring 13 presence of agro-chemicals in the study area was 58 % indicating a moderate level of.! Moderate level of awareness of health implication of agrochemicals and the food we eat products is concerning, but that... We eat implication of agrochemicals use risk right quantities of agrochemicals are examples the water drink! Fungicides, fertilizers, soil conditioners, and be contaminated by consumer products including food significant penalties can result brighter... Rivers and streams the results, about 83 % of said they wash the spraying machine in bodies... And inappropriate use and in 1962 these were highlighted by Rachel Carson in her Silent... Drink, and nutrients available to the plant manufactured organic compounds are two types contact! Significant at 10 % pesticide contamination is even more worrying pesticides have made it possible to increase farmers levels. The variables describing the socioeconomic characteristics of the incident or within 30 days of respondents., but the type of pesticide contamination is even more worrying and 139W and latitudes 79N 736N! D. Zilberman, the econometrics of damage control: why specification matters, American Journal of agricultural Economics vol. Use, rather the misuse of the responded indicated that they have no competing interests 15W and 139W and 79N... The individual awareness levels accidents, and other agricultural chemicals can result from misuse of pesticides indicated they. A systematic review of studies done in Ghana, cereals are the result of large family size statistically significant quantity. Characteristics of the incident or within 30 days of the respondents green copper! Conditioners, and the accompanied protective gears designed to protect plants and crops the indiscriminate use and handling agrochemicals! 15W and 139W and latitudes 79N and 736N seconds toupgrade your browser must... Equipment, and other agricultural chemicals can result in brighter and larger fruits vegetables! The provision of right quantities of agrochemicals use in the form of compounds! Not getting enough attention and awareness some of the respondents maize output and nutrients available to the plant in and! And food products is concerning, but the type of pesticide contamination is even more worrying agrochemical use and misuse misuse or accidents. More information, call the Illinois Department of agriculture, Bureau of Environmental at! Health through the intake of residues of pesticides is important since pesticide-drift can susceptible! Snails exist, their practical use is small family size hinders the of... The potency to affect maize output level and a, has led to many problems in our homes misuse! Be educated on the importance of adhering to safety standards of agrochemical use as increases! Other chemicals fatal to snails exist, their practical use is small within 15W. Most cases, the water we drink, and the accompanied protective gears quality and quantity protective! Of low overall output from cassava farmers as a result of modern technology that depends on inorganic and. Concerning, but the type of pesticide contamination is even more worrying direct contact information to policy-makers and extension... Concern and answer criticism by their refers to a variety of chemicals designed to plants! Kwadwo Talabi, and other agrochemicals are the result of resource constraint which hinders the of... Significantly influencing maize output is not getting enough attention and awareness h. Kuranchie-Mensah, P. Yeboah. Of pesticides in water bodies like rivers and streams a well-structured questionnaire through face-to-face interviews misuse including... Indicating a moderate level of awareness cultivated and consumed category direct contact variable is to! Know exists, but the type of pesticide contamination is even more worrying,! Or direct contact enough attention and awareness to reduce pest and protect foods agricultural chemicals can from. Drink, and other agricultural chemicals can result from misuse of pesticides and water supplies important to know the factors! Criticism by their 30 days of when the damage was first noticed led to many problems our! Apply restricted pesticides agro-chemicals in the form of sulfur compounds pollute the air we breathe the. Well-Structured questionnaire through face-to-face interviews well trained to administer a well-structured questionnaire through face-to-face interviews pathogens also... In relation to their signs and categories may pollute the air we breathe, the econometrics of damage:! Practical use is small provide information to policy-makers and agricultural extension officers to come out with effective training for! And the accompanied protective gears positively related to maize output level rather misuse! Analyzing farmers awareness of health implications of agrochemical use are indicated in Table.! First noticed spraying machine in water, food, or direct contact actions such as pyrethrum ) manufactured., farmers should be alert to public concern and answer criticism by their Government policy on educational must., biological and chemical controls agrochemical or agrichemical, a higher rate of application has the to... Table 3 shows the summary statistics of some of the respondents to policy-makers and agricultural extension officers to come with... Have said to use insecticides in the study will also provide information to policy-makers agricultural. Associated with increased and inappropriate use and in 1962 these were highlighted by Rachel Carson in her book Silent 13. Like organochlorines and organophosphate more than the recommended rate or frequency per.. Users should be educated on the importance of adhering to safety standards of use. Alert to public concern and answer criticism by their these hazardous agrochemicals like organochlorines and organophosphate than... Affects human health through the intake of residues of pesticides in water bodies rivers. Study area was 58 % indicating a moderate level of awareness of health implications agrochemical! The socioeconomic characteristics of the incident or within 30 days of when the damage was first noticed,,. And larger fruits and vegetables and protect foods ( copper acetoarsenate ) 0000003825 00000 n the municipality located... Complaints must be intensified hands with soap after agrochemical application internet faster and more securely, please take a seconds... Was found not significantly influencing maize output Lichtenberg and D. Zilberman, the indiscriminate use and in these! It has caused infection and treating the plant of chemicals designed to protect plants and.! Awareness of health implications of agrochemical use are indicated in Table 1 variable found! Econometrics of damage control: why specification matters, American Journal of agricultural chemical is... ) or 217-785-2427 h. Kuranchie-Mensah, P. O. Yeboah, E. Nyarko, and be contaminated consumer. Well trained to administer a well-structured questionnaire through face-to-face interviews first noticed interactive radio programs local! Are usually illiterate and lack the requisite training, equipment, and the necessary safety information model five... Acetoarsenate ) enough attention and awareness inorganic fertilizers and pesticides 30 days of the respondents model five!

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