Journal of Nepal Geological Society, 18, 1924. Everest. The earthquake was so severe that in Kolkata, around 650 km (404 mi) from epicenter, many buildings were damaged and the tower of St. Paul's Cathedral collapsed. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 100(2), 562569. Nepal Ko Maha Bhukampa (The Great Earthquake of Nepal) (pp. Roads were tom and alignments were changed. In Balaju and Sankhamul area of Kathmandu, roads even subsided by 2-3 feet. India Geol. Communications were severely tampered with. 483, pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-016-9554-z. Causes behind Misinterpretation in location of Epicenter. ; epicenter of the earthquake was supposed to lie within the plains of Northern India : Bihar. Seismicity in the Himalayas is the direct consequence of an ongoing process of faulting and thrusting. The flood may result due to damage caused to the dams. It caused the widespread damage in Central and Eastern part of Nepal & in Northern India. Journal of Seismology, 20, 733745. The devastating quake of 8.3-magnitude on Richter scale that fateful day . The buildings along the riverfront in Patna or Bhagalpur suffered very badly. (5.2 MB PDF) Downloads. It was the worst that ever occurred in that country. Almeida, V., Hubbard, J., Liberty, L., Foster, A., & Sapkota, S. N. (2018). At Pusa, the buildings that had housed the Imperial Institute for Agricultural Research were reduced to debris and that is the reason why the Institute was re-built at New Pusa in Delhi. 1934 Mw 8.1 Bihar/Nepal earthquake 15 January 1934, Wu F, Sheehan A, Huang G C and Monsalve G 2003 Source mechanisms, seismicity, and velocity structures in the Himalayan region; Indo-US Workshop on Seismicity and Geodynamics 49 Hyderabad, Journal of Earth System Science. Zones have been categorized as extensively damaged, Highly damaged & Least damaged zones.) The country is one of the 20 most threatened countries in the world. At Lakhisarai the water was observed to recede from mid-stream and sand gushed up the exposed bed of the river. Dunn J A, Auden J B, Ghosh A M H, Roy S C and Wadia D N 1939 The Bihar-Nepal Earthquake of 1934; Geol. In Patna, many buildings in the bazaar were destroyed and damage was particularly severe along the river. J. Int. In this year 1934-35 the local Government had instituted an enquiry into the indebtedness of the cultivators to ascertain if the situation had worsened. The epicenter of the earthquake was in Nepal six miles south of Mt. Great pending himalaya earthquakes. Kathmandu valley was severely damaged in that earthquake. [15][16] He operated several relief camps providing the affected people with food and shelter.[17]. It was the most devastating calamity since the 1934 Nepal-Bihar earthquake. The area marked with double arrow between these earthquakes is the Central Seismic Gap. Damage to a man-made structure. Its rupture length was estimated to be 1,200 miles. On Monday the 15th January 1934 Calcutta experienced an earthquake shock of fair intensity which lasted for over three minutes. 15 Feb, 2021, 11.19 PM IST. 1250). Roads and lands were fissured out at many places with emergence of water & sands too. The three major towns of the Kathmandu Valley in NepalKathmandu, Bhaktapur and Patanwere severely affected and almost all the buildings collapsed. Diversity, distribution, and abundance status of small mammalian fauna (Chiroptera: Rodentia: Eulipotyphla) of Manipur, India, Indian states' electricity transition (SET) . 4. and Geology at UC Davis and Pandey, M. R., & Molnar, P. (1988). Insert: Parts of Uttar Pradesh state and the location of Chamoli Town, which is close to the epicenter of the 29 March 1999 earthquake. Bull. , - . A.. Marcussen, E. (2017). the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Landslides and Avalanches Earthquake in hilly and mountain areas may cause landslides and avalanches Fire hazards News from the most affected region arrived only two or three days later. Baffin Bay Earthquake Canada November 20, 1933, The COVID Variant You Might STILL Get in Some States, 4 Viral Threats Worse Than the New Coronavirus, COVID Aftermath: 2 DEVASTATING Side Effects of the Vaccine, 10 Foods That Can Have a Devastating Effect on You, 10 Contagious Diseases Worse Than COVID-19, 6 Deadly Bioweapons the US Has Faced in the Past, 11 Devastatingly Easy Ways To Lose Weight, 8 Common Things Devastated By Coronavirus. The first was its basic . 1939) that described its effects in India in detail but which contains scant information on the effects above the rupture area north of the Nepal border. 13,414 buildings were severely damaged and 11,604 buildings were completely destroyed. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, 115. In G. J. Schenk (Ed. Surv. This earthquake of 1834 and an earlier one in 1833 of similar size and in almost the same epicenter have released some of the strain caused by the ongoing collision of the Indian and the Eurasian plates. Peculiarly enough in 1833 there was another big Earthquake causing havoc in North Bihar. B. Rana (1935) indicates that severe shaking occurred in eastern Nepal. Will The Chinese Spy Balloon Start a War With China? (Before Earthquake) &&&&&&&& &&& &&(During Earthquake), Fig-1 (Images of the then Dharahara, a nine-storeyed tower at Sundhara, Kathmandu; Before, During and After 1934 Earthquake. Bomford G 1937 Leveling in Bengal and Bihar 93-97. Officers of the Geological Survey of India officers compiled a memoir on the earthquake (Dunn et al. The epicenter of the earthquake was in Nepal six miles south of Mt. A., Auden, J. Western part of the Kathmandu suffered relatively less damage. Another important result of the Earthquake was the creation of the Waterways Division in Bihar. Revolutions happen, The two atomic bombings from Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August, America is no stranger to the devastating impact a political, Timeline: 1 May 1960: An American U-2 spy plane being, During World War I prices in Germany had doubled, but, The fiasco of the Afghan presidential election of 2009 is, On February 20th, President Vladimir Putin released a warning to the West over Ukraine, by, Do you know how to protect yourself in case of an earthquake? Primary surface ruptures of the great himalayan earthquakes in 1934 and 1255. : , . In our field survey, 46 % of buildings were totally collapsed and 16 % were partially collapsed. [5] Extensive liquefaction of the ground took place over a length of 300km (called the slump belt) during the earthquake, in which many structures went afloat. In the future, large earthquakes will again rupture along the Himalayan front. Shortly after the Bihar Earthquake of 1934, the social workers under a mistaken idea started constructing a bandh across an innumerable waterways blocking the roads and railways, culverts and drainage channels. There was no reliable statistics of the loss to the property in money equivalent. Powers P M, Lillie R J and Yeats R S 1998 Structure and shortening of the Kangra and Dehra Dun reentrants, sub-Himalaya, India; Geol. Mem. The epicenter was in the vicinity of the large Bihar-Nepal earthquakes of 1833 (magnitude 7.0-7.5) and 1934 (magnitude 8.4). The shock in a less intense form was felt in Bengal, Assam, United Provinces (Uttar Pradesh) and on the Peninsula as far as Bombay. The Postal Savings Bank showed an appreciable increase in the deposits. 1.Bihar Earthquake, 1934 This quake is considered to be one of the worst quakes in Indian history. Bhaktapur also saw massive destruction but less than these five villages. Damages & Casualties were reported to be higher in Nepal than in India. Though many of their lower marks have survived, no systematic remeasurement was possible after the earthquake, and none has been attempted subsequently. Most of the damage was due to slumping, fissuring and tilting of the ground.The absence of any preferred orientation of the fissures and the prevalence of the sand and water issued from the fissures suggest that the destruction of the earth surface was limited to surfacial layers only not to faulting of the basement beneath that area. Singh D D and Gupta H K 1980 Source dynamics of two great earthquakes of the Indian subcontinent; the Bihar- Nepal earthquake of January 15, 1934 and the Quetta earthquake of May 30, 1935; Bull. . Floods were there in the rivers carrying dirty waters. Feldl N and Bilham R 2006 Great Himalayan Earthquakes and the Tibetan Plateau; Nature 444 165-170, doi:10.1038/nature05199. The earthquake that occurred in the afternoon (2:13pm, IST) of January 15, 1934 (Mw 8.2), is one of the strongest among the twentieth century Himalayan events. Glorious Sacrifices of Bihar during Quit India Movement 1942 : In Numbers. Large paleoearthquake timing and displacement near Damak in eastern Nepal on the Himalayan frontal thrust. The wells were choked with sand, while water levels in tanks became shallower due to sand deposited in the tank beds. News from the most affected region arrived only two or three days later. The Historic Nepal - Bihar earthquake measuring M 8.4 in Richter scale struck on 15 Jan-1934, Monday at 2:24 PM (NST) is the greatest recorded ever earthquake in Nepals History. R, Brahmaamera Jagabahdra, and Kesar Lall. Avalanches onMount Everest This earthquake caused manyavalanches on Mount Everest. In India, the earthquake caused some serious damage to towns and destroyed a small number of buildings. Ratna Pustak Bhandar, Kathmandu, Nepal (136 p). Its rupture length was estimated to be 1,200 miles. Thus the inferred rupture geometry given the above numerous qualifications of uncertainty, are approximately as follows. The impact was reported to be felt in Lhasato Mumbai, and from Assamto Punjab. There was a serious earthquake in Bihar in 1934, the devastating effects of which GTG captured by photograph in great detail. Large himalayan frontal thrust paleoearthquake at Khayarmara in Eastern Nepal. Gutenberg B and Richter C F 1954 Seismicity of the Earth and Associated Phenomena; Princeton University Press, Princeton, 310pp. Active faulting south of the himalayan front: Establishing a new plate boundary. Geol. Ninety percent of water pipes and almost all telephone lines would be put out of service. The impact was reported to be felt in Lhasa to Mumbai, and from Assam to Punjab. Current Science, 69, 101127. The influence of regional earthquakes on the time series can be seen, producing the sharp drops in probability. 1935 A report on the Bihar Earthquake and on the measures taken in consequence thereof up to the 31st December 1934. , Relief Commissioner, Bihar and Orissa. Lack of a central zone in which the shaking was demonstrably stronger than elsewhere suggests that the waves did not originate within the plains of India. These authors report that liquefaction occurred both in 1833 and 1934, between 1700 and 5300 years BP and also 25 kaBP. 1988 A.D. / 2045 B.S. The official death toll was reported to be 8000 in Nepal and about 7000 in India, but the unofficial sources put the Indian figure near 25,000. Rana, B. S. (1935). The May 12, 2015, earthquake is located just beyond the eastern end of that rupture, with dimensions of about 40x20 km. Just after the avalanche, about 200 people were left stranded on the mountain as help couldn't reach them due to the risky condition of the mountain. 5 US States Most Likely to Get Hit by Natural Disasters, 4 US Airports With The Worst Passenger Experience, 12 Insane Weapons You Can Legally Own in Most States. Seismic instruments of that period were adequate to measure the magnitudes and properties of earthquakes smaller than magnitude 6 or so, but were not sensitive to the longer wavelengths and periods of great earthquakes such as the Bihar event. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 494, 216225. affected during this earthquake. When constructed c.200 BC, the Kesariya Stupa, at a probable height of 50 m, may have been the highest stupa in the world. The following entry is based on summaries found in Bilham et al (1998; 2001) and Hough & Bilham,(2008). excessive rain during the earthquakes cause damage to the bridges. The source characteristics of Gorkha earthquake show that the maximum slip of 5 to 6 m was concentrated at a depth of 8 to 15 km, 70 km southeast of the epicenter [ [8] , [9 . Your email address will not be published. Res. India As of 27 April 2015 at 4:14 p.m., Indian Home Minister Rajnath Singh,confirmed that56 people died in the state of Bihar,12 in Uttar Pradesh,3 in West Bengal and 1 in Rajasthan. documenting the mental health effects of natural and man-made disasters. Bihar earthquake: The state has yet again been hit by a quake on Saturday with the intensity measured at 5.7 magnitude on the Richter scale today - similar reports also came from West Bengal, Sikkim. and extensive damages to buildings, roads, bridges, railway tracks and cultivation fields were caused. Gutenberg, B., & Richter, C. F. (1954). 1st English edition. The damage caused by the Bihar earthquake of 15 January, 1934, measuring 8.4 on Richter scale, include 10,700 human deaths, landslides and slumping in an area of 250 km length and 60 km width, ruptures and faults in the ground surface etc. The largest instrumentally recorded earthquake within a radius of 300 km happened on 15. Science, 294, 23282331. Read Steve's blog. The BiharNepal Earthquake of 1934. ), 2019. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 70, 757773. The 1934 NepalIndia earthquake or 1934 BiharNepal earthquake was one of the worst earthquakes in India's history. Location and magnitude of the 1833 Nepal earthquake and its relation to the rupture zones of contiguous great Himalayan earthquakes. Wesnousky, S. G., Kumahara, Y., Chamlagain, D., Pierce, I. K., Karki, A., & Gautam, D. (2017a). It is considerably more challenging to put out the fire because of the destruction caused by the earthquake. Jamhoor, Aligarh: Champion of Democratic Values, , - -. The magnitude of the earthquake was 8.1. Publ. The size of the area affected by earthquake-induced landslides depends on the magnitude of the earthquake, its focal depth, the topography and geologic conditions near the causative fault, and the amplitude, frequency composition, and duration of ground shaking. Seeber L and Armbruster J G 1981 Great detachment earthquakes along the Himalayan arc and long-term forecasting; In: Earthquake Prediction - an International Review (eds) Simpson D W and Richards P G, Maurice Ewing Series, Am. Examines details of Gorkha earthquake, including geo-seismicity, damage statistics, casualties, effect on cultural heritage, gender-risk mechanics, case studies of social institutions,. Nasu, N. (1935). [5] Ground effects [ edit] A particular phenomenon of the earthquake was that sand and water vents appeared throughout the central vents of the earthquake area. This sea was gradually consumed through the subduction of the oceanic floor beneath Tibet. Most of the Government buildings in Muzaffarpur town and the buildings in the Bazar area were affected very badly. Tilting and slumping of the houses were entirely absent. All the kutcha (ramshackle) buildings collapsed, while other pukka (solidly built) buildings suffered damage due to sinking and cracking of the ground.[5]. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. This 8.0 magnitude earthquake occurred on 15 January at 228PM NST (0843 UTC) and caused widespread damage in northern Bihar and in Nepal. This innovation has lead to decrease the effect of earthquake on a building and is evaluated . Rana, B. S. (2013). Bihar Earthquake, 1934. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Overall, lesser casualties were there due to majority of temporary type construction of bamboos in Terai Belt. The Himalayas from Assam westward have experienced four large earthquakes over the past one hundred years, each one of them of magnitude 8 or more. It should be noted that peak shaking occurred only after few minutes of initiation of shaking allowing sufficient time for evacuation at the mid-day; hence less casualties. The failures at Seward, Alaska, during the 1964 earthquake are an example. On January, 15th, 1934, at about 2.13 p.m the Great Earthquake of Bihar took place involving severe disaster throughout North Bihar and affecting parts of South Bihar. description of the earthquake effects; Annexure I of the paper describes the MSK scale. Bilham, R., Gaur, V. K. and Molnar, P., Science, 2001, 293, . Currently, the probability of a M>6 earthquake within the circular region can be read from the table as about 9.2% over the next year from now, June 13, 2013. Presently, he works as a freelance/ independent history researcher, writer and works at www.awazthevoice.in, On January, 15th, 1934, at about 2.13 p.m the, took place involving severe disaster throughout North Bihar and affecting parts of South Bihar. (2016). Only four storeys were left) Image Courtesy : Nepal Ko Mahabhukampa by Shree M. J Brahma Sumsher. In the screenshot above, we have used the hazard viewer to select a circular region of 300 km radius on the reported epicentral location near Mt. Status and action to be taken Status and action to be taken under Graded Response Action Plan in Delhi NCR: EPCA Press Conference, Order of the National Green Tribunal regarding blast at JSPL's Raigarh plant, 28/02/2023, Fist fights and clashes at public hearing for coal mine project of Jindal Steel, Indian states' electricity transition (SET), Why banning the fossil fuel industry from climate change negotiations may not be necessary, National Knowledge Commission Government of India, India Environment Portal by Centre for Science and Environment. to Chitawan. 85 1-14. With the 7.8-magnitude earthquake hitting Turkey this Monday. In contrast to Indian region, damage in Nepal was clearly due to ground shaking; and as per the reports, it was comparable or even higher than in northern India. Abstract The Himalaya has experienced three great earthquakes during the last century1934 Nepal-Bihar, 1950 Upper Assam, and arguably the 1905 Kangra. Kathmandu: "Historic Earthquakes Bihar, India Nepal", "Challenges of Low-to-Moderate Seismicity in India", "When Tagore accused Gandhi of superstition", "Suggesting religious reasons for quakes isn't new: Mahatma Gandhi did that in 1934", "Freedom Fighter Dr Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi remembered on Republic Day", " : ! With a magnitude of about 8.1 to 8.3, the event destroyed thousands of structures, along with the cities of Munger and Muzaffarpur. An eastward rupture would shift the eastern half of the rupture into Sikkim province, where shaking was lower than to the east and where coseismic deformation could have been detected (triangulation) but where none has been reported. Nepal Earth Planetary Sciences Letters, 457, 366375. Chen, W. P., & Molnar, P. (1977). Earthq. The earthquake took place on January 15 around two o'clock in the afternoon and cause widespread damage. The intensity of ground shaking depends on the duration, local geology, and distance. The flood problems of North Bihar not only justify but have made the Waterways Division extremely important to regulate and conduct the flood policy of the Government of Bihar. Thank you for visiting nature.com. Jorganesh Press. 34 L08304, doi:10.1029/2006GL029192. Most of the buildings in Muzzafarpur were damaged. In Purnea the cast iron piles of a bridge between the civil lines and the railway station were broken. [3], The epicentre for this event was located in eastern Nepal about 9.5km (5.9mi) south of Mount Everest. A correlation between shaking intensity and the degree of subsidence may exist, probably influenced by sediment thickness. Likewise, damage was observed in Gorkha, Ilam, Nuwakot, Pokhara, Palpa, Bhimphedi too. The great Indian Earthquake of January 15, 1934. (2019). Soc. At that time there are no proper medical facilities or any equipment to save the lifes of those people. The 7.9-magnitude earthquake that struck Nepal and neighbouring Indian states on Saturday, leaving a massive trail of death and devastation, jolted memories of the catastrophic 1934 tragedy, which had claimed several thousands of human lives on both sides of the Himalayas. The extent of damage in areas not visited by the foreigners did not recognize these facts. Had it arrived at night, more people would have been trapped in their homes and killed as their homes collapsed. Sapkota, S.; Tapponnier, P.; Bollinger, L.; Klinger, Y.; Gaudemer, Y.; Tiwari, D. R.; Siwakoti, I.; Rizza, M.Surface Rupture of the Mw 8.1, 1934, Bihar Nepal Earthquake AGU abstract 2011. According to the National Centre for Seismology, the tremors measured 3.5 on the Richter scale and were felt around 9.23 pm. Fatality rates of the M w ~8.2, 1934, Bihar-Nepal earthquake and comparison with the April 2015 Gorkha earthquake The northern edge of the rupture probably follows the line of microseismicity identified as the transition between the shallow-locked and downdip-creeping Indian plate at 15-19 km depth (Bettinelli et al 2006; Bollinger et al 2007), i.e. which caused irreparable damage to human structures. Source dynamics of two great earthquakes of the Indian subcontinent; the Bihar-Nepal earthquake of January 15, 1934 and the Quetta earthquake of May 30, 1935. Geophysical Research Letters, 45, 26522658. A brief report has also been written by Mr. N. Nasu (Bull. First-order spirit leveling lines in northern Bihar were remeasured shortly after the earthquake (Burrard 1934; De Graaf-Hunter 1934; Bomford 1937). https://doi.org/10.1038/136485b0. Surv. Sapkota, S., Bollinger, L., Klinger, Y., et al. The impact was reported to be felt in. The 1934 Bihar earthquake is considered as one of the disastrous earthquakes in the history of the nation. Paleoseismological evidence of surface faulting along the northeastern himalayan front, India: Timing, size, and spatial extent of great earthquakes. Required fields are marked *. 82 2945-2969. ISSN 1476-4687 (online) These seven martyrs wrote history of freedom with their blood in Patna. M8.7 Assam earthquake, 1905 M8.6 Kangra earthquake, 1934 M8.4 Bihar-Nepal earthquake and the 1950 M8.6 Assam-Tibet earthquake. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JB003309.

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