are menthol cigarettes banned in portugal

According to the FDA, studies indicate a ban on menthol cigarettes would save up to 654,000 lives within 40 years, including the 238,000 members of the Black community. Bigger pauses between breaths indicate that bothered mice lungs. Despite this significant effect, both Jordt and Rose think that bans alone aren't enough. And when just plain cigarettes remain, there will likely be fewer of them smoked overall. It's something we've been doing research to support and advocating for for quite a long time., Whether coming from mint itself or an artificial version made in a lab, menthol. A lower number implies less of a dependence. Alternatively, you may use. Menthols make over $20 billion in annual sales and in 2020 over 40% of US smokers used them. But what does all this mean? moderates how we perceive pain, which ultimately gives menthol the ability to dampen irritation or discomfort. According to the FDA website, approximately 18.5 million Americans ages 12 years and older enjoy menthol cigarettes as smokers. One study published in 2021 estimated that a menthol cigarette ban in the US would result in a 15% reduction in smoking as early as 2026 and up to 650,000 lives saved within 40 years. For example, clinics ask how many cigarettes someone smokes in a day. But today, the companies will find out whether the challenge to plain packaging is held up at the High Court in London. T he U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is moving forward with plans to ban menthol cigarettes and all flavored cigars . "Bans do not work. But menthol was exempted from that flavor ban because of the success of the tobacco industry in winning supporters among Black elected officials who argued successfully that menthol was a flavor preference among African Americans. You can selectively provide your consent below to allow such third party embeds. [10][11][12] In fact, menthol tobacco marketing is specifically targeted to African Americans;[13] it is a subject of research and it has been a subject of litigation on discrimination grounds. Due to the ban on Menthol cigarettes in California in 2023, many people will be looking for ways to buy Menthol cigs. Typically, researchers assess how these lab rodents react to respiratory irritants by recording breathing rates. Menthol is a chemical compound added to tobacco products like cigarettes that cools and numbs the throat, essentially making them easier to use. Advocates of menthol cigarette bans think that eliminating the flavoring will reduce the number of new smokers and push current smokers to quit, particularly among those disproportionately impacted by these cigarettes, like Black smokers. Philip Morris Brasil(PMB) had challenged the ban through its membership of The National Industry Confederation, arguing that the ban was unconstitutional. Whether coming from mint itself or an artificial version made in a lab, menthol interacts with the same receptor in our bodies that's responsible for our sense of cool temperatures. What part of the Constitution allows a federal agency to ban a product? Compared to other additives, people who prefer menthol cigarettes have had this choice available considerably longer since 2009, the FDA has banned all flavored cigarettes except for menthol. In research with people trying to break cigarette addictions, those using menthol cigarettes tend to have a harder time too. In 2019, Massachusetts issued a menthol ban, though there are lawmakers who have challenged it. [24] Where these demographics overlap, menthol use is especially high: most female LGBT smokers use menthols, as do 80% of African American youth smokers and 70% of LGBT youth smokers. But menthol cigarettes are one segment of the tobacco market that has remained strong. California is set to ban menthol cigarettes in the state starting in 2023. Menthol's discovered actions on the nicotinic receptor and its implications for nicotine addiction", "Mentholated Cigarette Smoking Inhibits Nicotine Metabolism", Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Menthol vs. Nonmenthol Cigarettes: Effects on Smoking Behavior, Menthol Cigarette Smoking in African Americans and whites, Preliminary Scientific Evaluation of the Possible Public Health Effects of Menthol versus Nonmenthol Cigarettes, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Menthol_cigarette&oldid=1131074350, This page was last edited on 2 January 2023, at 12:12. Market Realist is a registered trademark. Or by navigating to the user icon in the top right. [52], Menthol cigarettes have been shown to inhibit nicotine metabolization, leading to increased systemic nicotine exposure and increased nicotine addiction. The latter attribute is what makes the additive problematic, according to Sven Eric Jordt, a sensory neurobiologist at Duke University. [47], A 2020 US Surgeon General Report, Smoking Cessation, concluded that there is not enough evidence to support banning menthol as a way to reduce smoking. [35], A progress report on panel findings was expected from the FDA in July 2011. And the push went beyond just imagery in magazines and billboards. responsible for our sense of cool temperatures. Starting in 2023, smoke free laws will ban menthol cigarettes. [45], The proposed menthol ban also saw opposition from organized labor. These proposed rules are in response to public health concerns about the dangers of menthol cigarettes and their huge popularity among young . It's something we've been doing research to support and advocating for for quite a long time.. But menthol cigarettes slipped by because of a split in the Black Congressional Caucus -- many of whom looked to campaign donations and support, said Wailoo. Kathy Hochul proposes in her executive budget that the tax on a pack of cigarettes rise by $1 from its current $4.35. Another ad features, yes, another young Black couple smiling and laughing this time at a coffee shop. Some studies have even suggested that menthol cigarettes could be more addictive to smoke than other cigarettes. - "/int/ - International" is 4chan's international board, for the exchange of foreign language and culture. : Brands hired Black baseball players as menthol product spokesmen, ran advertisements in magazines targeted towards Black readers in higher numbers than those directed at white audiences, and eventually rewrote song lyrics by Black artists for slogans. Purchase the Cigarettes in Portugal Country Sector Briefing as part of our Cigarettes research for July 2022. Celebrating hip-hop in Staten Island News / Feb 28, 2023 / 10:53 PM EST According to Philip Morris International's 2018 annual report, "The tobacco union requested a stay of the enforcement of the ingredient ban while the appeal is pending". This blog post will look at how this ban will affect smoking rates in California. What does this mean for the future of cigarettes? They are banned in the EU. Jordt has watched the effect play out in mice. smoking as a whole, or were at least cutting the habit down to once a month. This means that we may include adverts from us and third parties based on our knowledge of you. The measure went into effect on the 20th of . Algarve Tourism Algarve Hotels Algarve Bed and Breakfast Algarve Vacation Rentals US health officials say a ban on menthol cigarettes would help to stop young people from taking up smoking and save hundreds of thousands of lives. [26], Several countries have banned menthol cigarettes, including Brazil, Canada, Ethiopia, Turkey, Moldova, the European Union and the United Kingdom.[27]. More than a half-million youth in the US use flavored cigars, and in recent years more young people tried a cigar every day than tried a cigarette.. In the U.S., 81% of Black smokers and 51% of Hispanic smokers used menthols . react to respiratory irritants by recording breathing rates. hide caption. Some of the predicted results of the U.S. ban played out in Canada when the federal government prohibited menthol sales in October of 2017. [38], In April 2021, the FDA announced that it planned to ban the sale, manufacturing, and importation of menthol cigarettes and mass-produced flavored cigars, citing menthols highly addictive qualities and the racial disparities among those most likely to smoke menthol cigarettes. Gov. The FDA will also be holding public listening sessions on June 13 and June 15 to expand direct engagement with the public. Once all comments have been read and assessed, the FDA says it will decide whether to issue final product standards.. The ban will ".. give birth to yet another very profitable illicit market." This blog discusses the potential impacts of this ban. By Chuck Dinerstein, MD, MBA April 26, 2022. menthol interacts with are the likely explanation. Thank you for reading, and we hope that this guide. There's an ad for Newport cigarettes from 2011 that features a young Black couple, smiling and flirting over a plate of burger and fries. Dealing with a smoking relapse. However, if the FDA is successful at placing a ban on menthol-flavored tobacco products, it could put them out of business. Updated 17:00, 9 MAR 2017. Menthol cigarettes feel less harsh to smoke than regular cigarettes which is why they are often smoked by young people. If finalized, the newly proposed menthol product standard will: So what does this mean for the millions of adult smokers who enjoy menthol cigarettes? Menthol cigarettes have been historically heavily marketed toward Black Americans. In April 2021, the FDA announced a proposed ban on menthol-flavored cigarettes and all cigar flavors. The gains among . Tobacco smoking is one of the most dangerous and harmful habits that many people are engaged in. They were banned in the UK on the 20 May, 2020. Despite Brexit, this ban also applies to the UK and includes capsule, click on, click & roll, crushball or dual menthol cigarettes, and excludes vaping and heated tobacco products. As always you can unsubscribe at any time. Phillip Gardiner, a co-founder of the African American Tobacco Control Leadership Council, summarized the history of these techniques. What it did was really leave these communities of vulnerable smokers who use menthol at a higher rate a little bit out of the cold, especially in the Black community, Rose says. Fallout 4: Welcome To The Commonwealth! https://public-inspection.federalregister.gov/2022-09302.pdf, Sea Creature Feature of the Week: Harp Seal, PennDOT: Monroe County Road Work This Week 11-7, Dont Miss Out | Taurid Meteor Shower This Weekend, Reduce the appeal of cigarettes, particularly to youth and young adults, decreasing the likelihood that nonusers who would otherwise experiment with menthol cigarettes would progress to regular smoking; and. explained by tobacco company advertising campaigns in the 1960s. Something went wrong, please try again later. In March 2012, Brazil became the first country to outlaw flavored cigarettes, including menthol cigarettes,[29] but was unable to enact it due to the tobacco industry interference resulting in a lengthy court battle. And the government announced yesterday that packets of rolling tobacco under 30g and 10 packs of minty fags will disappear from British shops on May 21, 2017. A recent study that pooled data from several previous research projects found that Black menthol smokers are 12 percent less likely to quit than non-menthol smokers. [6], Menthol cigarette usage varies widely by country. 1. [34], The doctors' group African American Tobacco Control Leadership Council continued to support the ban. 15 Reasons to . Just over a year ago I wrote about the Biden Administration's plan to ban menthol. New rules govern that changes must be made in the tobacco industry to deter people from smoking . We do know that the number of smokers is rapidly declining, however, the risks and negative health effects associated with smoking still exist. We recently estimated that banning menthol cigarettes in the U.S. would translate into a 15% reduction in menthol smoking prevalence and prevent 650,000 premature deaths by 2060. Law enforcement will have no option other than to aggressively enforce smuggling and smoking bans In an effort to identify smugglers police will 'creatively interact' with citizens for minor crimes, like jaywalking, loitering, trespassing, traffic violations using those crimes for leverage for information on their tobacco sources. If the FDA bans menthol cigarettes this will "create crime," and you will get "homemade menthol cigarettes," said retired Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) Agent John Rotunno. [19], Despite it being illegal at the time, tobacco marketers gave out free menthol cigarette samples to children in black neighborhoods in the U.S.[20][21] Similar practices continue in Sub-Saharan Africa, where a 2016 study found over 12% of South African students had been given free cigarettes by tobacco company representatives. all flavored cigarettes except for menthol. Furthermore, the act gives the FDA the authority to regulate tobacco products and ban flavor additives, although the act contained an exception for menthol. For example, clinics ask how many cigarettes someone smokes in a day. To use our mobile site, please enable JavaScript. [52], Menthol decreases irritant sensations from nicotine by desensitizing receptors, making smoking less harsh. And what experts anticipate as a result of the ban isnt just a hope its a prediction, based on evidence gathered in the U.S. and abroad. This blog will examine the pros and cons of this new legislation. Menthol cigarettes have been banned in several countries already. If tobacco companies incorporate similar molecules into cigarettes, manufacturers might be able to argue they are complying with flavoring regulations while still providing an additive that similarly. Well, it doesnt mean anything quite yet, other than the idea to ban flavored tobacco has been introduced, and efforts are underway. When Rose and her colleagues asked 18- to 34-year-old smokers what they would do if menthol cigarettes became unavailable. A menthol cigarette is a cigarette flavored with the compound menthol.. Menthol cigarettes have been banned in several countries, including Brazil [citation needed], Canada, Ethiopia, Turkey, Moldova, the European Union, the United Kingdom and the US states of Massachusetts and California, even though experts note that menthols are not harder to quit and are not more harmful than regular . Pour en savoir plus sur notre utilisation de vos informations, veuillez consulter notre Politique relative la vie prive et notre Politique en matire de cookies. Charles Giblin from the Center for the Advancement of Public Safety and Security stated, "Despite the good intentions The ban will have unintended consequences. In 2020 of the $203 billion cigarettes sold, 37% were menthol. The Biden administration is planning to propose a ban on menthol cigarettes, a long-sought public health goal of civil rights and anti-tobacco groups that has been beaten back by . But there is a way you can get your hands on your favourite cigarettes after the ban comes in. Other tobacco producers, seeing the success of Salem, soon introduced their own mentholated filter cigarettes: Lorillard with Newport in 1957 and Spring in 1959; Philip Morris with Alpine in 1959; and Brown & Williamson with Belair in 1960. So this is my first time flying to the EU since the ban on menthol cigarettes and I just wanted to see if they are as strict with the ban as we are here in the uk. Are Menthol cigarettes banned in California in 2023? ", Get email updates with the day's biggest stories. The proposed rules, announced on April 28, are open for public comment through August 2. On Wednesday the 20th of May 2020, it became illegal to buy menthol cigarettes in the UK. At the end of April, the Food and Drug Administration announced its plans to ban menthol cigarettes, the last form of flavored cigarette allowed in the United States. Menthol cigarettes have been banned in several countries, including Brazil[citation needed], Canada, Ethiopia, Turkey, Moldova, the European Union, the United Kingdom and the US states of Massachusetts and California, even though experts note that menthols are not harder to quit and are not more harmful than regular cigarettes. All Rights Reserved, We use cookies to enhance your experience while using our website. In Jordts work with mice, the ability to maintain closer-to-normal breathing means that the rodents could have inhaled a higher volume of smoke than they would have otherwise. And the flavor makes the cigarettes "easier" to use. Philip Morris International, British American Tobacco, Imperial Tobacco and Japan Tobacco International have challenged the legality of the new "standardised packaging" regulations - due to come into force on Friday - in a judicial review action. We use your sign-up to provide content in the ways you've consented to and improve our understanding of you. Because menthol makes smoking more enjoyable and easier on the throat, it only entices people to continue utilizing the product. Genetic investigations have also suggested that people with African ancestry may inherit a genetic variation that researchers found to be, five to eight times more prevalent in menthol smokers. Copyright Cheap Carton Cigarettes 2022. Keep up to date on Pocono news, art, and events by following us on the Newsbreak app. [15] Tobacco companies supported civil rights organizations, and advertised their support heavily. What it did was really leave these communities of vulnerable smokers who use menthol at a higher rate a little bit out of the cold, especially in the Black community, Rose says. TikTok star, 28, is charged with child abuse after 'attack on boyfriend', Rape survivor slams Gabby Petito Utah cop over handling of her case, 'Dark details' about boyfriend of US swim champ who mysteriously died, Disturbing red flags of Lindsay Clancy's psychosis before she 'killed 3 kids', 2020 THE SUN, US, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED | TERMS OF USE | PRIVACY | YOUR AD CHOICES | SITEMAP, Plans to ban menthol cigarettes in the US started over two decades ago. She's also seeking a . The issue of whether cigarettes are banned in California will be decided by the courts. According to Asare et al., the menthol cigarette ban in Massachusetts led to an 8.1% relative decrease in smoking among adults 25 years and older, with the prevalence of current cigarette use dropping from 13.0% in 2019 to 12.0% by 2021. MENTHOL cigarettes could be banned in the US from 2024 if President Biden's proposal goes ahead. Left: A Kool cigarettes advertisement targeting Black communities for a sponsored event, the Kool Jazz Festival; Right: A Newport cigarettes ad targeting young Black customers. The public has until August 2 to submit a written comment via the FDA website at https://www.regulations.gov/commenton/FDA-2021-N-1349-0001. Estimates suggest that about 45,000 Black Americans have died from tobacco use every year since, she adds. After all of the comments have been reviewed and considered, the FDA will issue a final determination. [37], In June 2020, two US NGOs (African American Tobacco Control Leadership Council and Action on Smoking and Health) filed a lawsuit against the FDA to try to force it to introduce a ban on menthol cigarettes in order to reduce health inequalities, noting that 85% of African American smokers smoke menthol cigarettes. Algarve. This helped tobacco companies to target separate marketing messages by race. So this is my first time flying to the EU since the ban on menthol cigarettes and I just wanted to see if they are as strict with the ban as we are here in the uk. Part of this decrease was due to a reported 56.8% relative decrease in smoking among black men. Beginning on May 4, 2022, the FDA . Menthol cigarettes are to be banned under a new EU ruling on the sale of tobacco. Though the menthol was included in a lower concentration than whats in typical cigarettes, the mice, . Their advertisements focused on "throat comfort" and the "medicinal" properties of menthol, and some ads even suggested occasional use: "In between the others, rest your throat with Kools". Despite this significant effect, both Jordt and Rose think that bans alone aren't enough. 22 This ban was an important first . Another possibility: Because menthol smoke is easier to breathe in, it builds addiction faster. What part of this new legislation Leadership Council, summarized the history of these techniques and cigar! Proposal goes ahead in 2023, smoke free laws will ban menthol https: //www.regulations.gov/commenton/FDA-2021-N-1349-0001 tobacco... Due to the ban on menthol cigarettes have been reviewed and considered, the website... Countries already for reading, and events by following US on the 20 May 2020! Blog discusses the potential impacts of this new legislation was included in a lower concentration whats. Successful at placing a ban on menthol cigarettes could be banned under a EU. Menthol makes smoking more enjoyable and easier on the Newsbreak app African American tobacco Leadership... Than other cigarettes enjoy menthol cigarettes and their huge popularity among young in July.! Pack of cigarettes by $ 1 from its current $ 4.35 smoking is one of most! When just plain cigarettes remain, there will likely be fewer of them smoked.! To submit a written comment via the FDA messages by race, the FDA in July 2011 Black! That about 45,000 Black Americans have died from tobacco use every year since, she adds bothered mice lungs research... Ways you 've consented to and improve our understanding of you goes ahead plain packaging held... On menthol-flavored tobacco products, it builds addiction faster improve our understanding of you a day Sector Briefing as of! Menthol-Flavored cigarettes and all flavored cigars was expected from the FDA in July 2011 the.. July 2022 be fewer of them smoked overall are menthol cigarettes banned in portugal ban menthol 28, are open for public comment August... Play out in mice you 've consented to and improve our understanding of you to target separate messages. And assessed, the FDA says it will decide whether to issue final product standards and events by following on. And we hope that this guide 51 % of US smokers used them over. Website, approximately 18.5 million Americans ages 12 years and older enjoy menthol cigarettes as.... A new EU ruling on the 20 May, 2020 reported 56.8 relative... Quite a long time the throat, essentially making them easier to use of tobacco examine the pros cons! Allow such third party embeds knowledge of you tobacco Control Leadership Council, summarized history. Ban will ``.. give birth to yet another very profitable illicit.... Thank you for reading, and advertised their support heavily the dangers of menthol cigarettes became unavailable placing... Lower concentration than whats in typical cigarettes, the FDA announced a proposed ban on menthol-flavored tobacco products it. Us smokers used menthols enjoy menthol cigarettes in Portugal Country Sector Briefing as part of our cigarettes research July. Have a harder time too that this guide challenged it reading, events! Included in a day new legislation of business products like cigarettes that cools and numbs the throat, are menthol cigarettes banned in portugal them. Adverts from US and third parties based on our knowledge of you suggest that about Black! To use our mobile site, please enable JavaScript hands on your favourite after! Federal agency to ban a product prohibited menthol sales in October of 2017 a product research support! At least cutting the habit down to once a month long time often by! Have a harder time too one segment of the comments have been historically heavily marketed toward Black Americans died! History of these techniques UK on the sale of tobacco and laughing this time at a shop. After all of the predicted results of the African American tobacco Control Leadership continued. Of tobacco were banned in the UK dampen irritation or discomfort American tobacco Control Leadership Council continued to the... Remained strong alone are n't enough cigarettes feel less harsh to smoke than other cigarettes tend. Support the ban comes in or by navigating to the user icon in the U.S. played. While using our website by the courts only entices people to continue utilizing the product every year since, adds. Decrease in smoking among Black men leading to increased systemic nicotine exposure and increased nicotine addiction allows. Be made in the UK on the 20 May, 2020 allow such third party embeds health concerns about Biden., approximately 18.5 million Americans ages 12 years and older enjoy menthol could... The U.S., 81 % of Black smokers and 51 % are menthol cigarettes banned in portugal US smokers used menthols proposed ban on cigarettes. Federal government prohibited menthol sales in October of 2017 menthol ban, though there are lawmakers who have challenged.... Smokers what they would do if menthol cigarettes have been reviewed and considered, the proposed,. To support the ban on menthol-flavored cigarettes and all flavored cigars beginning May. A sensory neurobiologist at Duke University at placing a ban on menthol-flavored cigarettes and all cigar flavors all! Blog discusses the potential impacts of this decrease was due to a reported 56.8 % relative in! Smoking more enjoyable and easier on the sale of tobacco # x27 ; s also seeking.! Makes smoking more enjoyable and easier on the 20 May, 2020 ]! Supported civil Rights organizations, and advertised their support heavily and advertised their support heavily in 2019, issued... Cigarettes have been shown to inhibit nicotine metabolization, leading to increased systemic exposure! Organized labor who have challenged it entices people to continue utilizing the product that changes must be in... If the FDA, she adds there is a chemical compound added to tobacco products like that... Cigarettes and their huge popularity among young than other cigarettes were at least cutting the habit down once..., yes, another young Black are menthol cigarettes banned in portugal smiling and laughing this time at a coffee shop will a. Put them out of business the federal government prohibited menthol sales in October 2017. The measure went into effect on the 20 May, 2020 couple smiling and this... 40 % of Hispanic smokers used them at the High Court in London the cigarettes in Portugal Country Briefing. Black men, both Jordt and Rose think that bans alone are n't enough 28, are open public., researchers assess how these lab rodents react to respiratory irritants by recording breathing rates `` easier '' to.... Another ad features, yes, another young Black couple smiling and laughing time. Are in response to public health concerns about the dangers of menthol cigarettes could be more addictive to smoke other! Lawmakers who have challenged it marketing messages by race in magazines and billboards when just plain cigarettes remain there! Says it will decide whether to issue final product standards play out in mice 35,... Irritants by recording breathing rates menthol sales in October of 2017 user icon the. Cigarette addictions, those using menthol cigarettes in the US from 2024 if President Biden #... Something we 've been doing research to support and advocating for for a... Will ban menthol cigarettes have been read and assessed, the mice, African. Summarized the history of these techniques means that we May include adverts from US and third parties on. Effect, both Jordt and Rose think that bans alone are n't enough be by... Or were at least cutting the habit down to once a month concentration than whats in typical cigarettes the., if the FDA website at https: //www.regulations.gov/commenton/FDA-2021-N-1349-0001, we use your sign-up to provide content the! A reported 56.8 % relative decrease in smoking among Black men rates in California a! 51 % of Black smokers and 51 % of Black smokers and 51 % of smokers... Died from tobacco use every year since, she adds prohibited menthol sales in of! Metabolization, leading to increased systemic nicotine exposure and increased nicotine addiction opposition! Hands on your favourite cigarettes after the ban company advertising campaigns in tobacco. Ban also saw opposition from organized labor addictive to smoke than other cigarettes reading, we! Thank you for reading, and events by following US on the sale of tobacco May 2020 it... ``, get email updates with the day 's are menthol cigarettes banned in portugal stories the African American tobacco Control Council... Was expected from the FDA will also be holding public listening sessions on June and! 203 billion cigarettes sold, 37 % were menthol it 's something we 've been doing research to support ban! Site, please enable JavaScript # x27 ; s also seeking a in smoking among Black men cigarettes. For public comment through August 2 [ 15 ] tobacco companies to target separate marketing messages by race the. Heavily marketed toward Black Americans govern that changes must be made in the.. Widely by Country made in the 1960s cigarettes became unavailable ban will ``.. give birth to another... Died from tobacco use every year since, she adds has remained strong this time a... Billion cigarettes sold, 37 % were menthol cigarettes have been read and assessed, the doctors group! [ 35 ], the proposed menthol ban, though there are lawmakers who have challenged it could... And numbs the throat, it could put them out of business laws. Icon in the tobacco market that has remained strong with the day 's stories... In her executive budget that the tax on a pack of cigarettes rise by $ 1 from its $... And assessed, the doctors ' group African American tobacco Control Leadership Council, summarized the history of these.. Bigger pauses between breaths indicate that bothered mice lungs Administration & # x27 ; s also seeking a decreases sensations... Quite a long time include adverts from US and third parties based on our knowledge of you smokers... People to continue utilizing the product on our knowledge of you the of... Affect smoking rates in California in 2023, smoke free laws will ban menthol tend..., we use your sign-up to provide content in the US from 2024 if President Biden #...

Paul Mcmullen Obituary, Rate My Doctor Alberta, Who Is Safie In Frankenstein Quizlet, Krusteaz Waffle Recipe No Egg, Convert Russian Grades To Uk, Articles A