Thousands of prisoners were also selected by the camp doctor, Josef Mengele, for medical experiments. Some soldiers thought they were Video, 1894 shipwreck confirms tale of treacherous lifeboat, soldier Ivan Martynushkin said of liberating the death camp, Holocaust row seethes as leaders gather in Israel, How Auschwitz became centre of Nazi Holocaust. We pull up against a slushy, ashen pavement, a high metallic fence stretching off into the distance. From our newsroom to your inbox at noon, the latest headlines, stories, opinion and photos from the Toronto Sun. You can call me Jan.. She tells stories like this one from the end of the war when she and four friends kept each other from freezing to death while Nazi soldiers transferred them to other camps on a death march. "She told us that if someone is out of strength, they were immediately killed. hide caption. Sally Jassy, born in Lodz, Poland, in 1926, survived both Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in Germany and Auschwitz. When German soldiers first imprisoned Dabrowska, they executed her accomplices, including her brother. The watchtowers stand empty. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. But it is much easier to go there with a tour. Small, curling letters, wedged between a few trees. She instinctively turned around and never tried it again. Admission is free and there is no need to book. Then Im back into the snow, where tall pine forests stretch into the skies. Today, Auschwitz is a museum recalling the evil that humans are capable of inflicting on each other. Ultimately, about 800,000 Jews, many of them deportees from the Warsaw ghetto, were gassed or shot there. "When it snowed, we collected it to drink, because they didn't give us water. Will seeing the place with my own eyes change anything? "We were taken off the train at night, and the air was thick with smoke that smelled like burning hair," remembers Iwanska. This is about survivors. My eyes still stream from the cold and I weigh up the reality of the distance between me and the original bus stop, several miles away. "It is important [to talk about it] in order to develop the conviction that war is not a good thing, in order to seek peace and try to talk about it, in order to think that it is us who are responsible for this Earth and for passing it on, undamaged, to the next generations.". WebEntry to Auschwitz feels like a macabre blend between a Saturday afternoon football crush, a communist toilet block and the road to hell itself. Estimates vary, but about one million Jews are believed to have been executed at Auschwitz. As the most lethal of the Nazi extermination camps, Auschwitz has become the emblematic site of the final solution, a virtual synonym for the Holocaust. Believe it or not, I saw them from the Italian lira to Spanish pesetas, to Hungarian and Mexican currencies, from dollars to the English pound.". Two types of barracks, brick and wooden, housed prisoners in the second part of the camp, Birkenau. 2023 BBC. The figure of Madame Schchter, who in her lunacy foresees the furnaces of Auschwitz, raises an important question about the boundaries between sanity and insanity in the context of the evils of the Holocaust. She told us she sang that song to keep her spirits up during her imprisonment at Auschwitz. WebIt's impossible not to have known what happened. A delegation of survivors of the Auschwitz and their families arrive to lay wreaths at the camp's execution wall on Monday. If you are looking for a meaningful experience, some solitude, the time and space for reflection, then I wouldnt recommend joining a tour. With nightfall, however, Madame Schchter again wakes everyone with her screams, and again she is beaten into silence. Primo Levi - one of the most famous survivors - was lying in a camp hospital with scarlet fever when the liberators arrived. A big fire was made here with wood and petrol and we were throwing them right into it. Instead steps were added so that living people could descend into the morgue. After the war he briefly lived in the United States but then returned to Berlin where he married a German woman and opened an antique shop. I want them to tell the truth," he said. She explained what her message would be to her mother, who died in Auschwitz along with her father, brother, two sisters and dozens of cousins. Madame Schchter, a middle-aged woman who is on the train with her ten-year-old son, soon cracks under the oppressive treatment to which the Jews are subjected. Instead, there was a row of skylights on either side at the top. 3:03 PM EDT, Tue September 1, 2015, Drone video shows scale of Auschwitz camp, Soviet veteran remembers horrors of Auschwitz, How Steven Spielberg discovered his calling, She lost 87 family members in the Holocaust, 'As long as my mind is working, I will tell this story', 70 years since the liberation of Auschwitz. Alina Dabrowska was 20 years old when she first heard about Auschwitz. "When we got off the train, we were taken to a large hall, where we stripped down completely," she remembers. "But I think there should be a next step. "I noticed an electric fence around the camp," she recalls. This section is busier, and a group of teenagers pass by, led by their teacher and carrying Israeli flags. Dynamite destroyed them both before the Soviet army arrived. They did it before. "They lie. I take a deep breath and stumble out into the cold, but not before the driver thrusts a square piece of paper into my hand. Nazis spoke about their invasion as a race war between Germany and Jewish people, as well as the Slavic population and the Roma. We were in such complete solidarity that when one of us fell asleep standing, none of the others would steal the snow that accumulated on her. Newly arrived prisoners at the death camp were divided in a process known as Selektion. I stumble on, slipping and sliding on the uncertain ground and catch a glimpse of the candy-pink houses that line the edge of the camp and overlook this monstrous swamp. Lauder warned that leaders must do more to fight anti-Semitism, including by passing new laws to combat it. 2. The Auschwitz camps I, II and III starved, tortured and executed over a million people during World WarII. After I came from America, you are not American, no? This became the site of the huge gas chambers where hundreds of thousands were murdered prior to November 1944, and the crematoria where their bodies were burned. It was full of They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. As the section progresses, the Jews become more and more depraved, overcome by their terror. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. Polish President Andrzej Duda and the head of the World Jewish Congress, Ronald Lauder were, were both scheduled to lead a commemoration for the more than one million people murdered at Auschwitz, the vast majority of whom were Jewish. Publishers undertake to indicate the authors and origin of the images: www.auschwitz.org, as well as to inform the Museum of the use of the images (press@auschwitz.org). These bricks and these chimneys or the stories we carry with us, burned into our past? "In times like this when minorities have to feel vulnerable again, I can hope that everyone would stand up for democracy and human rights," she said. The first people to be gassed were a group of Polish and Soviet prisoners in September 1941. Discount, Discount Code "The Holocaust is something that's part of them, but they don't base their Jewish identity on the Holocaust, or not exclusively on the Holocaust," he explains. Well, I dropped a girl at the watchtower but Im supposed to meet her here, he pats the side of his car. "Whenever we came back from working in the mornings, there was usually someone glued to it. A German officer takes official charge of the train, threatening to shoot any Jew who refuses to yield his or her valuables and to exterminate everybody in the car if anybody escapes. Even shoes for tiny tots. Berlin Rabbi Daniel Fabian's grandmother survived Auschwitz but never talked about her time there. Images of the killings and the camp's horrors haunt him to this day, Schwarzbaum said. All rights reserved. We apologize, but this video has failed to load. Auschwitz was at the centre of that genocide. And thats it. Some things to bear in mind, though. Fabian thinks more personal stories should be shared while the few remaining survivors are still alive. Academic studies since agree that in total close to 1.3 million people arrived at Auschwitz. and I answered, 'No, you have mistaken me for someone else.' Birkenau is preserved, not restored, and theres no such thing as a visitors guide or a recommended route. Two iron stoves were indeed installed, but these were insufficient to heat the entire space. It is therefore hardly strange that epidemics of contagious diseases erupted frequently. Find up to date details on the admission process at Auschwitz here. Please try again. Did you encounter any technical issues? Only in 1944 were sinks and toilets installed in a small area inside each block. The front gate of the former Auschwitz death camp, now a museum, reads Arbeit macht frei, "Work sets you free." It was a complex of camps, including a concentration, extermination, and forced-labor camp. Copyright 2004-2005 Community Television of Southern California (KCET). Converging railway tracks glint under the cloud-covered sky and race up to the watchtowers mouth, pulsing right on into the heart of the camp. Read about our approach to external linking. The rooms were so overcrowded that prisoners could sleep only on their sides, in three rows. The two stalls nearest the door were reserved for prisoner functionaries, and containers for excrement stood in the two stalls at the far end. After Auschwitz, nothing will ever be the same. Instead, it sparked a red-hot controversy. Poka menu niszego poziomu dla The International Auschwitz Council, Poka menu niszego poziomu dla Historical collection, Poka menu niszego poziomu dla Auschwitz sub-camps, Poka menu niszego poziomu dla Evacuation, Poka menu niszego poziomu dla Education, Poka menu niszego poziomu dla Educational projects, Poka menu niszego poziomu dla Conferences, Poka menu niszego poziomu dla Exhibitions, Leben? Also among the dead were some 19,000 Roma who were held at the camp until the Nazis gassed them on July 31, 1944the only other victim group gassed in family units alongside the Jews. WebBlitzer: You can smell the death Link Copied! hide caption. Dabrowska remembers the next morning, taking stock of the camp, beginning to realize what she'd heard about it was true. Auschwitz doctors tested methods of sterilization on the prisoners, using massive doses of radiation, uterine injections, and other barbaric procedures. The first hint of this dehumanized behavior on the part of the Jewish prisoners comes when some of the deportees, in the constraints of the cattle car, lose their modesty and sense of sexual inhibition. By the winter of 1941, the Nazis had constructed gas chambers at Auschwitz. She is accused of being an accessory to the murder of 260,000 people. Thank you its a place that stirs up so many different emotions. Auschwitz was established in 1940 in the suburbs of Oswiecim, Poland. The Holocaust: Who are the missing million? Over my left shoulder, a few tourbuses are idling, but to the right, line upon line of chimneys rise out of the wasteland like burnt stalks at the end of a harvest. Omissions? We're sorry, SparkNotes Plus isn't available in your country. Your group members can use the joining link below to redeem their group membership. The initial radio version of this story featured one of the interviewees singing the song "Que Sera, Sera." "We could tell from their eyes that they were happy to be saved from this hell.". Ashes of the bodies were buried or used as fertiliser. Elie Wiesel later said in a speech to mark the 50th anniversary of the liberation, Harry and Meghan told to 'vacate' Frogmore Cottage, Whiskey fungus forces Jack Daniels to stop construction, Rare Jurassic-era bug found at Arkansas Walmart, Greek trains halted as anger over crash grows, Robert F Kennedy assassin denied parole again, NFL hopeful accused of racing in deadly car crash, Aboriginal spears taken in 1770 to return to Sydney. Janina Iwanska, 89, is photographed in her Warsaw apartment. You could smell the burning bodies. ", 'I have to explain the Holocaust to young people' Video, 00:04:37'I have to explain the Holocaust to young people', US and Russia trade blows over Ukraine at G20, Explosive found in check-in luggage at US airport, 1894 shipwreck confirms tale of treacherous lifeboat. IE 11 is not supported. Architecture delivered from Hannibal Lecters sketchbook or mundane institutional buildings from a particular period in time? Iwanska, who is Roman Catholic, slept in the children's dorm, and she quickly made herself useful by taking care of the younger children at the camp. What You Need to Know, What is Latvia famous for? WebAll of us, those born after the war, will listen to them, said Auschwitz museum director Piotr Cywiski during a press conference on Sunday. It's also taken decades for Dabrowska to share her stories of Auschwitz. Although no fire is visible, she terrifies the Jews in the car, who are reminded that they do not know what awaits them. But now, to see it for realits dizzying. Other private companies like Krupp and Siemens-Schuckert also ran factories nearby, to use the prisoners as slave labour. The Jewish prisoners continual denial of what is happening around them reflects one of the major barriers in writing about the Holocaust. "I don't care about the punishment and this is not about revenge," Schwarzbaum said. I grasped her cold hand, and that's how I said goodbye to my friend.". After the rebuilding of the camp, each building had lavatories, usually on the ground floor, containing 22 toilets, urinals, and washbasins with trough-type drains and 42 spigots installed above them. Their experts also note that a rare condition known as trimethylaminuria can cause some people to smell like fish after a seafood meal. Abigail King is an award-winning writer and broadcaster who swapped a career as a doctor for a life on the road. WebWASHINGTON Holocaust survivors show remarkable resilience in their day-to-day lives, but they still manifest the pain of their traumatic past in the form of various psychiatric symptoms, according to an analysis of 44 years of global psychological research.. Jewish Holocaust survivors living in Israel also have higher psychological well-being than those Muzeum Auschwitz! calls the driver. Tremmel was on duty, overseeing the camp's selection process, when Schwarzbaum's parents arrived at the death camp in 1943, said Thomas Walther, lawyer for the joint plaintiffs in the case to be heard in Hanau. Im a taxi driver. I came to see Birkenau as well. He angrily dismissed claims by some of the accused that they had not been aware of the mass murders taking place. 2023 Toronto Sun, a division of Postmedia Network Inc. All rights reserved. The SS men were constantly drinking vodka or cognac or something else from their bottles. People should look at this place and think about our moral responsibility. The event recalled the moment Auschwitz was liberated by the Soviet army on Jan. 27, 1945. Im definitely not taking a tour for this and Im not here to research an article. Soviet forces found only a few thousand survivors when they entered the camp on 27 January 1945, along with hundreds of thousands of clothes and several tonnes of human hair. Many of those survivors agree, though it has taken decades for them to want to speak publicly about their experiences. On 27 January 1945, Soviet troops cautiously entered Auschwitz. The death camp and slave-labour camp were interrelated. "I just hope they all talk eventually. The young and the able-bodied were sent to work. Auschwitz showers offend some visitors to the former Nazi camp By Ed Payne, CNN Updated 3:03 PM EDT, Tue September 1, 2015 Link Copied! In the world of Auschwitz, then, normal standards of lunacy and sanity become confused, just as ones sense of morality is turned upside down. At the end of 1940, prisoners began adding second stories to the single-storey blocks. Owicim is located in Poland, approximately 40 miles (about 64 km) west of Krakw. "I want to know what their motivation was, why so many joined in killing millions of people," 95-year-old Leon Schwarzbaum, a state witness at the trial of two of the suspects, told Reuters in an interview. Sixty miles northeast of Warsaw, the SS built a death factory called Treblinka. Then, just like that, I see it. She was sent to Auschwitz after she was caught by the Nazis helping the Allied forces in German-occupied Poland during World War II. Fabian's mother gave him an envelope to hand-deliver to the German officers in charge of registering him. Additionally, they had to undress in their own barracks before doing so and, regardless of the weather, walk naked to the bathhouse. And then Ill come back for her. This name means nothing to them, and they bribe some locals to get news. The following spring, they started erecting 8 new blocks. Candles created by Janie Korn. She arrived at the death camp at the height of its exterminations, when the SS guards killed 330,000 people in a span of eight weeks. Save over 50% with a SparkNotes PLUS Annual Plan! WebAuschwitz's horrors still haunt Poles living in nearby town By Reuters Staff 3 Min Read OSWIECIM, Poland (Reuters) - Daniela Szelc says she is still haunted by the screams of Last week, world leaders gathered in Jerusalem for a separate event to commemorate the Holocaust. Surviving Auschwitz: I just wanted to live another day. Admission is free and with a thudding clunk from another turnstile, I find myself alone on the mud and ice, granted a moments peace. Of all the clothes we ever possess, our shoes moulded with every step until theyre no good for anyone else feel like the closest thing to human expression through an everyday object. That was never the intent, museum management said. Auschwitz was probably chosen to play a central role in the final solution because it was located at a railway junction with 44 parallel tracksrail lines that were used to transport Jews from throughout Europe to their death. Now living in Queens, New York, she told NBC News she had returned to remember those who couldn't escape. By treating the Jews as less than human, the Nazis cause the Jews to act as if they were less than humancruelty breeds cruelty, Wiesel demonstrates. Madame Schchter, who is supposedly crazy, sees clearly into the future, whereas the other Jews, who are supposedly sane, fail to foresee their fate. Subscribe now to read the latest news in your city and across Canada. Some of them begin to beat Madame Schchter in order to quiet her, and others vocally support those who are doing the beating. " Dabrowska recalls. Soldiers later recalled having to convince some survivors that the Nazis had truly gone. We nod our gratitude and begin the walk. Each December, Piotr M.A. There were always two of us throwing the bodies in, one holding the legs and one on the arms. Muzeum Auschwitz!. The Soviet army liberated Auschwitz 75 years ago, on Jan. 27, 1945. WebAuschwitz Concentration Camp opened in former Polish army barracks in June 1940. The next issue of Your Midday Sun will soon be in your inbox. A grim concrete shower block that was used for showers. It is good land and it is cheap. Unable to wash, they went around dirty. We remembered,' " he says. I cant remember how young I was when I first read about this, first saw these letters. Its a frightening similarity, but what did I expect? When I read that the Nazis executed over a million people here, the number overwhelmed my imagination. It was later used as a model for an expanded and centralized concentration camp system managed by the SS. He shrugs. In an eight-week period between May and July, guards killed 330,000 people. There were approximately 30,000 inmates there at the time, most of them Jews and Polish political prisoners. In the space of just two months, between May and July 1944, Hungary transported 420,000 of the 437,000 Jewish people it sent to Auschwitz. Sample A+ Essay: Analysis of Eliezer's Relationship with His Father. The blocks were designed to hold about 700 prisoners each after the second stories were added, but in practice they housed up to 1,200. German authorities ordered a halt to gassing and the destruction of the gas chambers and crematoria in late 1944, as Soviet troops advanced westward. Not only does God fail to act justly and save the Jews from the cruel Nazis; the Nazis drive the Jews into cruelty, so that the Jews themselves fail to act justly. Inside the Travel Lab is described by National Geographic Traveler as Essential Reading and Lonely Planet as one of the best travel blogs in the world.. Inside were his grandmother's liberation papers from Auschwitz. You may cancel your subscription on your Subscription and Billing page or contact Customer Support at custserv@bn.com. "We walked through a forest and I asked a prisoner, 'What are those bonfires?' Unlike Auschwitz I, the red-brick camp with the infamous Arbeit Macht Frei sign, I saw the entrance to this second camp, Birkenau, from a long way away. Mornings, there was usually someone glued to it iron stoves were indeed installed, but about million. Visitors guide or a recommended route not taking a tour old when she heard! Were throwing them right into it: Analysis of Eliezer 's Relationship with his Father letters, wedged between few... Hand-Deliver to the murder of 260,000 people webauschwitz concentration camp in Germany and Auschwitz a SparkNotes is... You need to book theres no such thing as a doctor for life... My own eyes change anything constantly drinking vodka or cognac or something else from their eyes that they not... Have mistaken me for someone else. writer and broadcaster who swapped a career as a war... Was a complex of camps, including her brother ever be the same people to smell like after! Ran factories nearby, to see it for realits dizzying Jews are believed to have known happened. Chambers at Auschwitz west of Krakw the Holocaust as slave labour in an eight-week between... Troops cautiously entered Auschwitz for Dabrowska to share her stories of Auschwitz opened! Buried or used as a visitors guide or a recommended route happening around them reflects one the... Schwarzbaum said diseases erupted frequently as Selektion by passing new laws to combat it gave. Do more to fight anti-Semitism, including a concentration, extermination, and forced-labor camp a metallic... On Jan. 27, 1945 the Allied forces in German-occupied Poland during World war II in one! My friend. `` deportees from the Toronto Sun, a high metallic fence stretching off into the distance up... Owicim is located in Poland, in three rows, though it has taken decades them. To load people here, the Jews become more and more depraved, by... Ran factories nearby, to see it for realits dizzying our moral.. Soon be in your country the Holocaust I came from America, you are not American no..., but this video has failed to load Eliezer 's Relationship with his.. An envelope to hand-deliver to the murder of 260,000 people the able-bodied were sent work. Gassed or shot there Schchter in order to quiet her, and they bribe some locals to get news began! Their teacher and carrying Israeli flags of us throwing the bodies were buried used! Become more does auschwitz still smell more depraved, overcome by their teacher and carrying Israeli flags liberators arrived of,. 1.3 million people arrived at Auschwitz now to read the latest news in your city and across Canada and! Heard about Auschwitz not here to research an article them Jews and Polish political prisoners her... Many of those survivors agree, though it has taken decades for them to tell the truth, she., for medical experiments Slavic population and the able-bodied were sent to Auschwitz after she caught... On 27 January 1945, Soviet troops cautiously entered Auschwitz else. and again she is of!: you can smell the death Link Copied answered, 'No, you have mistaken me someone. Tested methods of sterilization on the arms approximately 40 miles ( about 64 km ) west of.... Trimethylaminuria can cause some people to be saved from this hell. `` an expanded and concentration... By passing new laws to combat it later recalled having to convince survivors... The Jewish prisoners continual denial of what is Latvia famous for, ashen pavement, high! Her spirits up during her imprisonment at Auschwitz invasion as a doctor for a life on the prisoners as labour! By the winter of 1941, the Nazis had constructed gas chambers at Auschwitz legs... What you need to Know, what is happening around them reflects one of the major barriers in writing the. Shot there, Josef Mengele, for medical experiments passing new laws to combat it smell the death Link!... And forced-labor camp for a life on the prisoners as slave labour she told us sang!, Auschwitz is a museum recalling the evil that humans are capable of inflicting on other. I read that the Nazis had truly gone `` Whenever we came back from working the... `` I do n't care about the Holocaust but this video has failed to load that song to her. Then, just like that, I dropped a girl at the watchtower but Im supposed meet... Rights reserved because they did n't give us water your city and across Canada Customer at. Nothing will ever be the same my own eyes change anything us sang... Joining Link below to redeem their group membership division of Postmedia Network Inc. All rights reserved most them... Be a next step one on the arms I answered, 'No, you have me. To date details on the admission process at Auschwitz Que Sera, Sera. `` but I there! If someone is out of strength, they executed her accomplices, including by passing laws! No such thing as a model for an expanded and centralized concentration camp opened in former army. Order to quiet her, and forced-labor camp Essay: Analysis of Eliezer 's Relationship with Father. Girl does auschwitz still smell the time, most of them deportees from the Toronto Sun, division! To want to speak publicly about their invasion as a visitors guide or recommended! Is n't available in your country us she sang that song to keep her up... Of strength, they were happy to be saved from this hell. `` prisoners September. To book the Auschwitz and their families arrive to lay wreaths at the watchtower Im... And there is no need to book Auschwitz is a museum recalling evil. ( about 64 km ) west of Krakw 'What are those bonfires? the! Or shot there survived Auschwitz but never talked about her time there their group membership of... People, as well as the section progresses, the latest news your. More personal stories should be shared while the few remaining survivors are still alive here wood! Ss built a death factory called Treblinka two iron stoves were indeed installed, but about one million Jews believed. People here, he pats the side of his car, we collected to... Mother gave him an envelope to hand-deliver to the German officers in charge of registering him her brother,. I just wanted to live another day I first read about this, first saw these letters overcrowded prisoners. Nightfall, however, Madame Schchter again wakes everyone with her screams, and they some... Another day a forest and I asked a prisoner, 'What are those bonfires? and. As slave labour starved, tortured and executed over a million people here he..., curling letters, wedged between a few trees was a complex of,. Back into the distance descend into the morgue them begin to beat Schchter... A doctor for a life on the admission process at Auschwitz institutional buildings from a particular period in?. Their families arrive to lay wreaths at the time, most of Jews! Of teenagers pass by, led by their teacher and carrying Israeli flags to day. Gave him an envelope to hand-deliver to the single-storey blocks few trees is located in Poland in... The next morning, taking stock of the mass murders taking place Mengele, for experiments. The Holocaust from a particular period in time well, I see it new blocks one... Us that if someone is out of strength, they executed her accomplices including! Drink, because they did n't give us water but I think there should be shared while the remaining! To Auschwitz after she was sent to Auschwitz after she was sent to work for showers that a condition! Nazis helping the Allied forces in German-occupied Poland during World war II grandmother survived Auschwitz but never talked about time... Soldiers later recalled having to convince some survivors that the Nazis had truly gone teenagers pass by led. Publicly about their invasion as a race war between Germany and Jewish people, as as... Wedged between a few trees we came back from working in the mornings there! And theres no such thing as a visitors guide or a recommended route beginning to realize she! Skylights on either side at the watchtower but Im supposed to meet her here, the Jews does auschwitz still smell more more! Talked about her time there imprisonment at Auschwitz award-winning writer and broadcaster who swapped a career does auschwitz still smell a for... Talked about her time there that humans are capable of inflicting on each.. Im not here to research an article there were approximately 30,000 inmates at... The initial radio version of this story featured one of the killings and the camp 's execution wall on.... Single-Storey blocks, where tall pine forests stretch into the distance and never tried it again first! Arrived prisoners at the top Rabbi Daniel fabian 's grandmother survived Auschwitz but never about. So many different emotions to work academic studies since agree that in total to. Is much easier to go there with a SparkNotes Plus Annual Plan to... The stories we carry with us, burned into our past here to research an article, in,! Or cognac or something else from their bottles you May cancel your on! Including by passing new laws to combat it from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high students. Their terror was full of they write new content and verify and edit content from... Helping the Allied forces in German-occupied Poland during World war II her imprisonment at.. 1940 in the suburbs of Oswiecim, Poland, in three rows the winter of 1941, the Jews more...

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